置换空间PxXn的两个性质

在本文中，我们主要给出弱一致凸在（ＰｘＸｎ）中和强光滑性（Ｆｒｅｃｈｅｒ可微）在ＰｘＸｎ中的特征。     

N,N-二甲氨基-1,3-二氯丙烷的合成

本文报导了用1,2,3-三氯丙烷与二甲胺为原料,在40℃、有相转移催化剂和碱存在下,合成N,N-二甲氨基-1,3-二氯丙烷新方法。反应4小时完成,其产率为15～20%。此外,还讨论了相转移倦化剂在N-烷基化和消除反应中的作用。     

A novel pattern of fast calcium oscillations points to calcium and electrical activity cross-talk in rat chromaffin cells

Slow oscillations of cytosolic calcium ion concentration – – typically originate from release by intracellular stores, but in some cell types can be triggered and sustained by Ca²⁺ influx as well. In this study we simultaneously monitored changes in and in the electrical activity of the cell membrane by combining indo-1 and patch-clamp measurements in single rat chromaffin cells. By this approach we observed a novel type of spontaneous oscillations, much faster than those previously described in these cells. These oscillations are triggered and sustained by complex electrical activity (slow action potentials and spike bursts), require Ca²⁺ influx and do not involve release from intracellular stores. The possible physiological implications of this new pathway of intracellular signalling are discussed.Received 30 July 2004; received after revision 14 October 2004; accepted 1 November 2004     

酸性离子液体[BPy]HSO4和[BMMIm]HSO4催化合成查尔酮反应机理探讨

离子液体作为绿色的溶剂和催化剂具有很多独特的性质,特别是离子液体的可设计性,使其具有酸性可调的特点.分别以酸性离子液体[BPy] HSO4和[BMMIm] HSO4为催化剂,在无溶剂条件下考察了两种离子液体对Claisen-Schmidt缩合的不同催化效果,探讨了两种离子液体在查尔酮合成中可能的催化机理.     

离子液体催化合成阻燃剂3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸

采用两步法合成3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸(CEPPA),即以三氯化磷与苯为原料,在离子液体三乙基苄基氯化铵氯化铝([BnEt3N]Cl-xAlCl3)催化下,合成苯膦二氯(DCPP),再用DCPP与丙烯酸合成3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸(CEPPA).确定第一步最佳反应条件为:n(三氯化磷)∶n(苯)∶n([BnEt3N]Cl-xAlCl3)=3∶1∶0.025,回流温度为72℃～76℃,反应时间为6 h,产率达81.1%;第二步通过改变反应物滴加顺序及调整反应温度,得到最佳反应条件为:n(丙烯酸)∶n(DCPP)=1.30∶1.00;滴加反应阶段,控制在70℃～80℃,反应1.5～2 h后,在90℃保温反应1 h;水解反应阶段,控制在92℃～95℃反应4 h,CEPPA的产率可达91%,并解决了反应中易结块问题.     

影响辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯乳化效果的因素

采用黏度和取代度为指标的测定方法,探讨了影响辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯乳化效果的因素.研究结果表明:黏度、取代度、乳化液颗粒大小及其分布状态是影响辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯乳化效果的主要因素;乳化液颗粒越小分布越均匀乳化效果越好,反之则越差.我们发现,要获得辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(纯胶)较好乳化效果的条件的优化组合是:1)乳化液颗粒小而均匀;2)黏度为4～4.5mPa.s;3)取代度在0.02以下.该结果为企业提高辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯乳化效果,实现企业低投入、高产出、高效益的目标提供了科学依据.     

在离子液体中合成淀粉基絮凝剂的研究

以淀粉和丙烯酰胺为原料,在离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑中通过接枝共聚反应合成了丙烯酰胺-淀粉絮凝剂.研究了淀粉在离子液体和水中溶解情况的差异.通过傅立叶变换红外光谱证实了丙烯酰胺与淀粉分子发生了接枝共聚反应.考察了丙烯酰胺与淀粉的质量之比、引发剂用量、反应温度和时间对接枝共聚反应的影响.比较了在离子液体和水中合成得到的絮凝剂在高岭土悬浊液中的絮凝能力.     

基于1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑十二烷基硫酸盐为活性物质的PVC膜电极的性能及其应用

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（BmimPF6）为活性物质制得离子选择性电极,该电极对离子液体BmimCl有较好的电位响应,线性响应浓度范围为1×10^-5mol/L～1×10^-2mol/L.用十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）与BmimPF6进行阴离子交换制得的1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑十二烷基硫酸盐（BmimDS）作为活性物质,能降低电极的检测下限,线性响应浓度范围拓展为1×10^-6～1×10^-2mol/L.该电极显示出良好的稳定性和重现性.此外,该电极可作为电位滴定法的指示电极用于对四丁基氯化铵（TBACl）、十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的滴定分析.     

Pulse radiolysis studies of functionally substituted imidazolium-based ionic liquids

The reactions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids having different substituent groups on the ring with hydrated electrons (eaq-),hydroxyl radicals (·OH),and sulfate anion radicals (SO4·-) were investigated using nanosecond pulse radiolysis techniques.The spectra of these ionic liquids on reaction with eaq-all exhibited a similar peak at about 320 nm,and a typical peak for eaq-in aqueous ionic liquid solutions.The reaction rate constants for 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium-based ionic liquid hexafluorophosphates (BMIPF 6) with eaq-were deduced to be 10 10 L mol-1s-1,however the values were lower for trisubstituted ionic liquids.For example,the rate constant for 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMIBF 4) was 5.5×10 9 L mol-1s-1.Imidazolium-based ionic liquids reacted with hydroxyl radicals via adducts to produce a mixture of isomeric OH adducts,and the pk a value of the OH adducts was deduced to be 8.4±0.4 for 1-butyl-3-methylimdazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF 4).Moreover,imidazolium cations were also oxidized by SO4·-to produce bivalent cation radicals,which exhibit a peak at 320 nm,and these rate constants are of the same order of magnitude,i.e.,10 9 L mol-1s-1,except that for 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimdazolium tetrafluoroborate with SO4·-(k=2.8×10 8 L mol-1 s-1).Theoretical calculations were carried out to estimate the structures of the products of reduction by eaq- and the results were related to the experimental data.     

Determination of trace heavy metals in milk using an ionic liquid and bismuth oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

A novel carbon composite electrode modified with bismuth oxide nanoparticles and the ionic liquid n-octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate was fabricated and used to simultaneously determine cadmium and lead levels using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry.This electrode combines the unique advantages of nanomaterials and ionic liquid with the low cost and easy fabrication of the carbon composite electrode.Compared with the traditional binder based composite electrode,our electrode exhibited well-defined and separate stripping voltammetric peaks for cadmium and lead.Furthermore,the antifouling capacity of the bismuth film electrode was significantly improved by the ionic liquid.Under optimized conditions,the linear range of the composite electrode was from 3.0 to 30.0 μg L-1 for both metal ions with a detection limit of 0.15 μg L-1 for cadmium and 0.21 μg L-1 for lead.Trial milk sample analyses showed that the modified electrode was sensitive,reliable and effective for the determination of trace heavy metals,holding great promise for routine analysis applications.