Evolution and ecological correlates of uniparental reproduction in freshwater snails

We review the spatial and temporal correlates of uniparental reproduction in freshwater snails as they pertain to the ecological hypotheses for the maintenance of biparental sex. The biogeographic evidence from two species (Potamopyrgus antipodarum andBulinus truncatus) presently supports the Red Queen hypothesis that biparental reproduction is selected as a way to reduce the risk to progeny of parasite attack. Uniparental reproduction in these species is associated with low levels of infection by parasites (castrating digenetic trematodes), suggesting that parthenogenesis or self-fertilization can replace cross-fertilization when the risk of infection is low. In addition, inB. truncatus, the opportunity for cross-fertilization coincides with the season in which parasite attack is highest. In a third species (Campeloma decisum), parthenogenetic reproduction is correlated with latitude and the presence of a non-castrating trematode that may prevent cross-fertilization; these patterns suggest that parthenogenesis has been selected as a mechanism to assure reproduction. Finally, we discuss the spotty taxonomic distribution of parthenogenetic species.     

On The Impossibility Of Empirical Controls Of Scientific Theories – From The Point Of View Of A Psychologist

Standard considerations of philosophy of science are reformulated in psychological terms and arguments, suggesting a fundamental change in life perspective: subjective experiences or introspective data are subject to motivational biases and therefore not admitted as objective empirical facts in science, However, we never experience objects or events of the external world, i.e., so called objective facts, but exclusively subjective percepts or mental events. They are merely assumed to, but may or may not be accurate or distorted mental representations of objects or events of an external world. Accordingly, the latter are theoretical constructs, i.e., constructs of the fictitious but most successful predictive (implicit) theory, called external world, which seems to be constructed from regularities observed in mental events and serves as a reference fiction for, erroneously called empirical, tests of predictions of scientific theories.Relevant Publication: Micko, H.C.: 2001, Psychologie: Von der Geistes – zur Naturwissenschaft – und weiter wohin? Erkenntnistheoretische Erwägungen vor und nach dem Aufkommen des philosophischen Konstruktivismus. Ztschr. f. Psychologie, 209: 54–68.     

人性假设讨论及由此引发的企业家激励方式

从分析主要的人性假设入手,讨论了企业家的人性假设主流应归属于"经济人”假设,并据此进一步讨论了企业家激励的具体内容.     

"半个原子"矛盾的形成与解决

在近代化学史上曾经产生过“半个原子”的矛盾,它的形成与解决构成了近代化学发展的一条主线。透过近代化学发展的历史不难发现,道尔顿原子论是近代化学史上的一项划时代的成就,但是它存在着一个自身不能克服的内在矛盾,即道尔顿把化合物的“原子”称为“复杂原子”。道尔顿原子论之理论自身这一矛盾的外化,导致产生了“半个原子”的矛盾。为了解决“半个原子”的矛盾,阿佛加德罗在盖·吕萨克的实验基础上,进行了科学合理的推论,引入了分子概念,提出了分子假说,初步解决了“半个原子”的矛盾。在此基础上,坎尼扎罗完成了科学的“原子-分子”理论体系,最终完善地解决了“半个原子”的矛盾。这个过程再现了唯物辩证法的“扬弃观”、“内因论”和“外因论”的思想,依次具体体现为科学理论的曲折发展律、内在矛盾动力律和内在矛盾外化律。客观地考证分析“半个原子”矛盾的形成和解决的过程,并全面地总结科学理论的发展规律,对于深刻地理解科学的“原子-分子”理论,对于全面地理解唯物辩证法的基本规律,对于在中学化学教育全面培养学生的科学素质和人文素质等,具有重大的理论价值和巨大的现实意义。     

Krashen的习得学说与外语教学

二十世纪八十年代初由美国语言学家克拉申(Krashen)教授提出的"语言输入说"(InputHypothesis)在语言学界引起一阵不小的反响。但对这种学说的研究大多局限于语言学本身。本文试图说明在外语教学实践中适度地引入该学说中可操作的理论部分将有利于扩充当前外语教学活动中的交际内容。     

高速网络芯片测试方法研究

针对网络芯片测试方法研究不多的现状,该文在描述测试概念和抽象测试结构的基础上,根据测试系统中控制观察点的位置,给出了5种网络芯片抽象测试方法,即:集中测试法,分布测试法,远程测试法,穿越测试法和回绕测试法。利用这些测试方法,对用于核心路由器高速接口卡上的OC-48cPOS(packetoverSONET)芯片进行了功能、互操作和性能测试,并分析了测试结果。测试实践表明,这些抽象测试方法能够满足网络芯片测试的需求。     

加速寿命试验中多应力加速模型综述

针对加速寿命试验发展的瓶颈问题——加速模型的确定,将国际上已提出的具有代表性的多应力加速模型进行了具体介绍和分析。从模型提出的方法及其适用性出发,特别讨论了Fallou等人提出的适用于电子绝缘器件的各种温度电应力加速模型,以及由美国马里兰大学Barker等人提出的适用于简单印制电路板的温度振动应力加速模型。最后通过各种模型的对比以及模型与实际情况间差距的分析,指出了现有多应力加速模型存在的缺陷及其发展趋势。     

贝叶斯方法在代码转换器可靠性验证试验中的应用

针对高可靠性产品的可靠性验证试验时间长、费用高等特点,将贝叶斯方法引用到可靠性验证试验中。推导出服从指数分布的贝叶斯可靠性序贯试验方法。将贝叶斯方法与经典序贯试验方法进行比较,贝叶斯方法较大的减少了试验量和试验时间。在某型飞机代码转换器的国产化可靠性验证试验中应用该方法,实际应用结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Analog Circuit Testability for Fault Diagnosis

In every field of engineering, testing is a fundamental step for the validation of design, being the most direct way to verify that a product meets its specifications. If the desired performance is not achieved, testing should identify all the causes of malfunctioning and indicate suitable corrective actions. Different algorithms relying on the symbolic approach have been presented in the past by the authors and in this work noteworthy improvements on these algorithms are proposed. However, how the testability is designed to maintain devices during its lifetime is discussed lack at present. Furthermore, this problem concerns needing more times on testing and fault diagnosis, and wasting more manpower and material resources. Especially in the army devices field, it is very important that maintenance and indemnificatory are advanced. In this paper, the parameters in testability design for fault detection and diagnosis will be given. The detailed contents of testability will be proposed, including the dividing of circuit module in equipment, technology material needed for detection and requirement of specifications used for testing.     

知识产权制度的产业异质性假设

知识产权制度是激励创新的重要手段,知识产权制度绩效评价的要点在于创新激励效应。对知识产权制度激励效应在不同产业中的显著差异性出发,对知识产权制度作用机制的产业特质进行了深入的思考并在历史文献研究的基础上提出了知识产权制度的产业异质性假设。对知识产权领域长期以来忽视中观层面研究进行深刻反思,将产业层面的分析引入知识产权的研究框架。