湘西辣椒花药离体培养及其再生植株染色体数目的变异

利用辣椒花药诱导单倍体研究表明：NTH,MS培养基均能诱导产生愈伤组织和胚状体,但NTH培养基比MS培养基培养效果好,以NTH+6-BA 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+KT 1.2mg/L+AgNO₃ 5.0 mg/L为愈伤组织和胚状体诱导的适宜培养基。通过花药培养获得的辣椒植株中,具有丰富的倍性变异,经染色体计数鉴定,单倍体( n=12 )约14%,二倍体(2n=24 )约46%,四倍体(4n=48 ) 约4%,各种混倍体约36%.     

Centromere inactivation in a dicentric rice chromosome during sexual reproduction

T0135 is a variant selected from the progeny of a rice line telotrisomic for the short arm of chromosome 11 （2n＋IIS＇）. Fluores- cent in situ hybridization （FISH） results indicated that T0135 contained two telocentric chromosomes, which have two centro- mere-specific molecular markers （5S rDNA） for chromosome 11; thus T0135 is a newly-described rice chromosome variant with two dicentric chromosomes, named 22＋11L-＋11L＇＋I IS.11S-＋I 1S-11S. （22 represents the 22 chromosomes excluding chromo- some 11 in the rice genome, ＂-＂ represents the centromere）. To investigate the genetic stability of the rice dicentric chromosomes during sexual reproduction, we observed the chromosome types in the progeny. Ninety-four percent of the progeny had the same chromosome type as the parental line. This result indicates that the dicentric chromosomes are mostly stable during mitosis and meiosis. Immunofluorescence analysis for centromere specific histone H3 （CENH3） revealed that only one centromere is active and the other centromere is inactivated in the rice dicentric chromosomes.     

小麦染色体标本制备方法的优化

制备出分裂相多、杂质少、背景清晰、染色体分散且形态好的染色体标本,一直是细胞遗传学实验课关注的重点和难点.本文在去壁低渗火焰干燥法的基础上,改良了小麦染色体制片方法,分析了影响染色体标本制备效果的主要因素.     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> chromosome segment substitution lines in the genetic standard line TM-1 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>

Chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSL） consist of a battery of near-isogenic lines that have been developed and cover the entire genome of some crops. With the exception of one homozygous chromosome segment transferred from a donor parent, the remaining genome of each CSSL line is the same as the recipient parent. It is an ideal material for genome research and particularly QTL mapping. In the present study, we first developed one set of CSSL lines using G hirsutum acc. TM-1 （the genetic standard）, as the recipient parent and G barbadense cv. Hai7124 as the donor parent using molecular assistedlselection in BC5S1-3 generations. The CSSL consisted of 330 different lines, in which 1-4 different lines had the same or overlapping substituted segments. The genetic length of the substituted segments covered 5271.9 cM with an average segment distance of 10.9 cM, 1.5 times the total genetic length of Upland cotton （3514.6 cM）. The substituted segments of each line varied in length, ranging from 3.5 cM for the shortest segment to 23.2 cM in the longest segment. Our CSSL have not yet to cover the entire tetraploid cotton genome, due to the absence of some donor parent interval segments.     

Analysis of DNA methylation variation in wheat genetic background after alien chromatin introduction based on methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism

During the process of alien germplasm introduced into wheat genome by chromosome engineering, extensive genetic variations of genome structure and gene expression in recipient could be induced. In this study, we performed GISH （genome in situ hybridization） and AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） on wheat-rye chromosome translocation lines and their parents to detect the identity in genomic structure of different translocation lines. The results showed that the genome primary structure variations were not obviously detected in different translocation lines except the same 1RS chromosome translocation. Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism （MSAP） analyses on genomic DNA showed that the ratios of fully-methylated sites were significantly increased in translocation lines （CN12, 20.15%; CN17, 20.91%; CN18, 22.42%）, but the ratios of hemimethylated sites were significantly lowered （CN12, 21.41%; CN17, 23.43%; CN18, 22.42%）, whereas 16.37% were fully-methylated and 25.44% were hemimethylated in case of their wheat parent. Twenty-nine classes of methylation patterns were identified in a comparative assay of cytosine methylation patterns between wheat-rye translocation lines and their wheat parent, including 13 hypermethylation patterns （33.74%）, 9 demethylation patterns （22.76%） and 7 uncertain patterns （4.07%）. In further sequence analysis, the alterations of methylation pattern affected both repetitive DNA sequences, such as retrotransposons and tandem repetitive sequences, and low-copy DNA.     

中国西北部5个民族群体Y染色体遗传分析

研究了来自中国西北部甘肃省的5个民族群体的403个男性个体的Y染色体遗传特征,其中3个为甘肃省特有少数民族:东乡族(133人)、裕固族(56人)、保安族(78人).另外,还有回族(66人)和汉族(70人).研究共涉及Y染色体上的17个遗传多态位点,其中1个是微卫星(DYS19).另外,有16个位点是单核苷酸多态位点,包括M9,92R7,SRY1532,Tat,LLY22g,SRY2627,RPS4Y,12F2,SRY8299,SY81,M20, L1Y,SRY 465,47Z,APT和DYS287(YAP).除了插入片段多态位点DYS287(YAP)使用琼脂糖直接检测外,其余位点均采用PCR-RFLP方法研究.在所研究的5个群体中,仅有7个单核苷酸M9,92R7,SRY1532,RPS4Y,12F2,L1Y和DYS287(YAP)表现为多态,且构成了9种单倍群(单倍群HG1,HG2,HG3,HG4,HG9,HG10,HG13,HG16和HG26).其中:回族拥有全部9种类型,而东乡族和汉族拥有8种,保安族和裕固族占据7种类型.     

小麦易位系基因组DNA甲基化分析中MSAP体系建立及应用

DNA甲基化在真核生物生长发育过程中起着重要调控作用.依据对DNA甲基化敏感程度不同的同裂酶,在AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism)基础上发展而来的MSAP(methylationsensitive amplification polymorphism)技术可以方便的检测全基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化模式及程度.本文以一套高代分离的小麦黑麦1RS/1BL易位系及其亲本材料为研究对象,采用EcoRⅠ和HpaⅡ(或MspⅠ)双酶切建立适合于小麦易位系基因组的MSAP技术体系,针对研究中出现的问题提出解决方法,并对酶切位点的甲基化模式进行分析,检测易位系及亲本材料间的甲基化多态性,为进一步的基础研究和育种应用提供理论依据.     

人工诱导虹鳟三倍体的细胞遗传学鉴定

采用一种简便有效的染色体制备方法,成功地制作和观察了人工诱导的三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)中期染色体.实验结果表明,虹鳟二倍体的核型2n=60,人工诱导的虹鳟有88%的个体为三倍体,核型3n=90,且大部分都为中着丝粒染色体.