提莫非维小麦(T·timopheevi)、硬粒小麦(T·durum)与长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia· elongatum 4x)的属间杂交

提莫菲维小麦、硬粒小麦与四倍体长穗偃麦草杂交当代结实率分别为1.4%和3.57%。杂种植株形态为两亲的中型型。以提莫菲维小麦为母本的杂种F_1减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对构型为0.20Ⅲ+9.11Ⅱ+9.10Ⅰ,以硬粒小麦为母本的杂种F_1减数分裂中期1染色体配对构型为0.15Ⅲ+6.87Ⅱ+13.78Ⅰ配对染色体主要是长穗偃麦草(4x)的同亲配对,并推测四倍体长穗偃麦草具促进小麦部分同源染色体配对或抑制小麦pH基因作用的特殊遗传系统。     

转基因小麦的环境风险

随着转基因植物种植面积的不断增加,转基因植物对环境的影响受到越来越多的关注.小麦面包品质改良是目前转基因小麦研究的重点之一.文章对小麦遗传转化、转基因植物生态风险和转基因小麦的环境适应等相关问题进行了一系列的综述.     

小麦耐甘露醇变异系生理特性分析

目的对二次离体筛选获得的小麦耐甘露醇变异细胞系进行生理生化及分子生物学鉴定。方法检测该变异细胞系在甘露醇,NaCl和聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟的渗透胁迫环境中的耐受生长能力,并测定变异系在甘露醇胁迫下游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、Na /K 含量等生理生化特性及可溶性蛋白质组成和基因组DNA多态性等分子特征。结果通过愈伤组织在甘露醇,NaCl和聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟的渗透胁迫条件下的生长实验,发现变异系细胞系可以在对照细胞系不能生长的20%甘露醇,1.5%NaCl和20%PEG-6000胁迫条件下,分别表现出14.5%(见图1),12.8%(见图2),41.8%(见图3)的相对生长量;在20%甘露醇胁迫条件下变异系细胞系游离脯氨酸积累量为对照系的80%(见图4),可溶性糖积累量为对照系的1.2倍(见图5),可溶性蛋白含量为对照系的1.3倍(见表1)。在相同浓度的甘露醇模拟的渗透胁迫环境中变异系再生植株比对照植株相能维持较高的K /Na 比值(见表2)。与对照相比,耐甘露醇变异细胞系再生植株可溶性蛋白SDS-PAGE发生显著变化:6条新可溶性蛋白谱带出现在变异系再生植株中,同时对照系中的1条可溶性蛋白谱带在突变株中缺失(见图6)。变异系植株与对照株RAPD带型呈现一定的多态性(见图7),表明变异系基因组DNA与对照相比发生了突变。结论所研究的小麦耐甘露醇变异细胞系是一个具有较强渗透胁迫耐受能力,可用于进一步育种工作的良好突变体材料。     

Genetic diversity and construction of core collection in Chinese wheat genetic resources

Genetic diversity among 5029 accessions representing a proposed Chinese wheat core collection was analyzed using 78 pairs of fluorescent microsatellite （SSR） primers mapped to 21 chromosomes. A stepwise hierarchical sampling strategy with priority based on 4×10^5 SSR data-points was used to construct a core collection from the 23090 initial collections. The core collection consisted of 1160 accessions, including 762 landraces, 348 modern varieties and 50 introduced varieties. The core accounts for 23.1% of the 5029 candidate core accessions and 5% of the 23090 initial collections, but retains 94.9% of alleles from the candidate collections and captures 91.5% of the genetic variation in the initial collections. These data indicate that it is possible to maintain genetic diversity in a core collection while retaining fewer accessions than the accepted standard, i.e., 10% of the initial collections captured more than 70% of their genetic diversity. Estimated genetic representation of the core constructed by preferred sampling （91.5%） is much higher than that by random sampling （79.8%）. Both mean genetic richness and genetic diversity indices of the landraces were higher than those of the modern varieties in the core. Structure and principal coordinate analysis revealed that the landraces and the modern varieties were two relatively independent subpopulaUons. Strong genetic differentiation associated with ecological environments has occurred in the landraces, but was relatively weak in the modern culUvars. In addition, a mini-core collection was constructed, which consisted of 231 accessions with an estimated 70% representation of the genetic variation from the initial collections. The mini-core has been distributed to various research and breeding institutes for detailed phenotyping and breeding of genetic introgression lines.     

应用亲缘系数分析四川小麦种质资源的遗传多样性

对代表四川小麦优良种质的40个小麦品种进行了亲缘系数分析，探讨遗传多样性，结果表明，约60％品种组合间的COP值为0，所有供试品种COP值变异范围为0．00－0．75，平均值仅为0．08，表明大多数品种在系谱上的遗传关系很小或无遗传关系，通过COP聚类分析将供试材料聚为6个类群，2个引进品种各自聚为一个类群，其余38个品种分别以繁6，阿勃，绵阳11号，成都光头4个优势亲本聚为不同的大类群与亚类群，分析认为，供试品种间系谱上的遗传差异较大，遗传多样性较高，文中对不同育种单位及不同时期小麦遗传多样性进行了分析。