湿地价值估算方法评析

当前湿地科学已成为世界各国研究重点,湿地评价是湿地科学的一个重要研究方向,其内容复杂繁多,方法多样,且目前湿地功能的评价没有统一的规范.笔者系统介绍了目前国内外湿地功能价值评价方法的研究进展,并根据湿地的不同功能,列举了适合其某项功能的常用评价方法.根据每种方法的优缺点、适用范围等,可为我国的湿地评价工作提供参考.     

RS码和P—TCM级联性能

目的 为取得较高的频带效率和较大的编码增益同时降低编码和译码复杂度。方法 将里德索罗门（ＲＳ）码与带宽有效的Ｐ－ＴＣＭ８ＰＳＫ和１６ＰＳＫ码进行级联,并在高斯信道上对其性能进行分析和计算机模拟。结果 在误比特率Ｐｂ＝１０＾－４时,级联编码系统比单个码Ｐ－ＴＣＭ系统多获得１ｄＢ编码增益,在误比特率Ｐｂ＝１０＾－７时,级联编码系统比Ｐ－ＴＣＭ系统多获得３ｄＢ编码增益。结论 随着Ｐｂ下降,ＲＳ码与Ｐ－Ｔ     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

洪泽湖湿地多样性特征分析

洪泽湖湿地是淮河流域最大的湖泊型湿地.本文对洪泽湖湿地资源的多样性进行了系统归类,认为多样性特征主要表现为:地貌类型的多样性,景观多样性,生态系统多样性,物种多样性,功能多样性和价值多样性等6个方面.对其多样性进行了较详细描述,可作为湿地资源开发利用的有用参考.     

宁夏沙湖旅游区开发与保护协调发展的研究

通过分析宁夏沙湖旅游区在发展中存在的优势和劣势,提出了沙湖旅游区应拆除不合理建筑,进一步挖掘文化内涵,扩大景区面积,开发冬季旅游资源,保护生物多样性,加强从业人员培训及提高游客参与环保的意识等对策和措施．     

人工湿地污水脱氮中N2O的产生机理和影响因素

人工湿地技术具有良好的污水脱氮效果,但污水中脱除的氮有可能会以N2O的形式释放到大气中。由于N2O是一种重要的温室气体,随着人工湿地的不断推广应用,其向大气中释放N2O的研究引起国内外的关注。综述了目前关于人工湿地系统N2O的产生机理,从污水水质、环境条件、人工湿地系统以及微生物种群结构四个方面详细论述了国内外关于人工湿地系统释放N2O的影响因子的研究现状,并对该研究领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

三维荧光区域积分法评估不同植物对溶解性有机物去除效果

以滏阳河复合人工湿地为研究主体,通过三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分方法、同步荧光分析方法,研究不同植物对溶解性有机物的净化效果。研究结果表明:滏阳河水体接纳城市污水后,蛋白类有机物为主要的污染物,占到了70.62%。不同植物对5个区域的有机物去除效果有所差异,6种植物中美人蕉对区域Ⅰ(酪氨酸类蛋白物质)去除效果较好,去除率达到了17.84%;水葱对区域Ⅱ(色氨酸类物质)的去除最好,去除率达到了26.97%;睡莲对区域Ⅲ(紫外区类富里酸)的去除率最高,为30.61%;香蒲对区域Ⅳ(微生物代谢产物)的去除率最高,为28.08%;香蒲和芦苇对区域Ⅴ(可见光区类富里酸)的去除分别达到了43.55%和42.30%。三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分方法,能够分析水体中有机物的相对变化情况,可以作为一种定量分析溶解性有机物的有效方法。     

滇池北岸西区湿地公园的生态系统服务功能价值评估

 滇池是著名的高原淡水湖泊,滇池湿地公园是极具特色和影响的生态资源。采用影子工程法、替代法、成果参照法等评价方法,评估了滇池湿地公园的生物栖息地功能价值、降污净化价值、旅游休闲价值、科研教育价值、调节空气价值、生物多样性保护价值、物质生产价值、涵养水源价值、保育土壤价值。结果显示,每年滇池北岸西区湿地公园提供的生态系统服务功能价值约为16.44亿元,其中生态栖息地价值最大（为11.97亿元）。     

湿地恢复对碳固存影响研究进展

湿地生态系统是地球的一种主要生态系统,其储存碳的功能对全球碳的循环和平衡机制具有重要作用,对全球气候变化研究具有重要影响。对于湿地碳固存的含义以及影响因素已有一定研究,但对不同湿地恢复方式对碳固存影响的研究较薄弱,而恢复湿地的固碳功能是湿地碳研究和保护的前提。本文基于文献调研,从湿地碳固存的含义、湿地恢复与其他自然因素对碳固存的影响、相关的研究技术与方法等方面综述了湿地恢复对碳固存影响研究进展,并分析了研究过程中存在的问题,提出相应的发展趋势,为湿地碳固存的保护与恢复提供科学参考。