基于委托代理的高校教师学术寻租行为的博弈分析

高校和高校教师之间是一个标准的委托代理关系,由于学校与教师的信息不对称,当教师的行为不能被校方完全观察时,在自身利益最大化的驱使下,教师可以利用信息优势,产生机会主义行为的动机,将一部分精力用于学术腐败以达到学校规定的学术任务,我们称之为学术寻租行为.本文基于高校与教师的委托--代理关系,对教师的学术寻租行为建立博弈模型,并进行求解,提出治理高校教师学术寻租行为的政策建议.     

评蒯因的本体论承诺理论

蒯因用现代逻辑工具构造了一个比较完善的本体论承诺学说,把本体论重拾回哲学的殿堂,此理论有相当的贡献,但其局限性使其应用起来极为困难。     

Natural diversity: A neo-essentialist misconstrual of homeostatic property cluster theory in natural kind debates

In natural kind debates, Boyd's famous Homeostatic Property Cluster theory (HPC) is often misconstrued in two ways: Not only is it thought to make for a normative standard for natural kinds, but also to require the homeostatic mechanisms underlying nomological property clusters to be uniform. My argument for the illegitimacy of both overgeneralizations, both on systematic as well as exegetical grounds, is based on the misconstrued view's failure to account for functional kinds in science. I illustrate the combination of these two misconstruals with recent entries into the natural kind debate about emotions. Finally, I examine and reject Stich's “Kornblith-Devitt method” as a potential justification of these misconstruals.     

Making the abstract concrete: The role of norms and values in experimental modeling

Experimental modeling is the construction of theoretical models hand in hand with experimental activity. As explained in Section 1, experimental modeling starts with claims about phenomena that use abstract concepts, concepts whose conditions of realization are not yet specified; and it ends with a concrete model of the phenomenon, a model that can be tested against data. This paper argues that this process from abstract concepts to concrete models involves judgments of relevance, which are irreducibly normative. In Section 2, we show, on the basis of several case studies, how these judgments contribute to the determination of the conditions of realization of the abstract concepts and, at the same time, of the quantities that characterize the phenomenon under study. Then, in Section 3, we compare this view on modeling with other approaches that also have acknowledged the role of relevance judgments in science. To conclude, in Section 4, we discuss the possibility of a plurality of relevance judgments and introduce a distinction between locally and generally relevant factors.     

Palaeoclimatic distribution models predict Pleistocene refuges for the Neotropical harvestman Geraeocormobius sylvarum (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

This paper primarily aims to test a Pleistocene refuge-type scenario, as previously proposed for the gonyleptid Geraeocormobius sylvarum, a semi-deciduous forests dweller in subtropical Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Palaeodistributional models of this species were built using MaxEnt for two Last Glacial Maximum (LGM = 21,000 years ago) simulations – Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) – and for 6000 years ago (?6k = HCO, the Holocene climatic optimum). Both LGM models retrieved a fragmented pattern. For CCSM, range was split into multiple, scattered fragments. MIROC resulted in very few patches, with a decided range reduction because of a strong humidity drop. Models for ?6k recovered a moderate range expansion. No past connection between the core area and the yungas was predicted. Analysis of variables importance showed that two precipitation predictors (bc18, precipitation warmest quarter; bc14, precipitation driest month) and two temperature predictors (bc7, temperature annual range; bc9, mean temperature driest quarter) scored as the most influencing overall. The Limiting Factor analysis recognized them as limiting too, in different parts of the species range. LGM palaeomodels of G. sylvarum are compatible with the refuge hypothesis invoked in previous molecular analyses, to explain the high genetic diversity found in the core area. Additionally, the results reinforced the hypothesis of the recent anthropogenic origin of the yungas disjunct populations.     

实验检验累积前景理论

累积前景理论是前景理论的改进版本.前者使用CE范式对美国被试进行研究,得出如下几点结论:(1)人们的风险态度呈四分模式;(2)概率中大时,得时的风险回避比失时的风险寻求更明显;(3)价值函数的指数、权重函数的指数都小于1.采用相同的范式对中国被试进行考察,发现:(1)仍适用;(3)并不总是适用;(2)总是并不适用.     

广义进化的定义

广义进化的基本理论,尤其是一些基本概念有待研究。要找到广义进化的准确定义,必须分析清楚四个关系：第一,有序与适应性的关系;第二,进化与复杂化的关系;第三,复杂与有序的关系;第四,复杂与适应性的关系。序参量的评价标准应该是系统功能的总价值,只有当系统的新结构导致新功能出现时,才会使有序度增大。进化就是复杂化,复杂化就是创新,就是对称性破缺程度增大的过程,广义进化是所有物质系统的复杂化过程。     

传承与超越——白盾新时期红学理论的贡献

虽然以往的红学研究不乏真知灼见,但它们大都专注一个或数个具体问题。在继承前人成果的基础上,白盾就小说主题、作者研究、版本比较提出一系列有违传统的新观点,最大程度地接近了曹雪芹和《红楼梦》的本真。这正是他新时期红学理论的最大贡献。     

乖讹-消解论下英语疑问句对校园幽默言语的诠释

基于乖讹-消解理论,探讨了英语疑问句在校园幽默言语的生成和理解中所起的作用,也进一步比较了无疑问句文本的幽默效果。分析结果表明,各种英语疑问句的使用可以充分解释校园幽默现象的乖讹识解过程,且起到铺垫、预设、增强幽默度等众多语用功能和良好交际效果,是幽默呈现的一个重要手段。     

基于异质性公平偏好的行为博弈模型与模拟——对蜈蚣博弈实验结果的解释

针对蜈蚣博弈实验结果与传统博弈论预测的纳什均衡结果存在系统性偏离的现象,本文从行为博弈的角度,假设人是有限理性的,用人的公平偏好特征来解释这种系统性的偏离.通过运用Fehr和Schmidt(1999)模型来刻画博弈参与者的公平偏好,考虑不公平厌恶系数的异质性,构建行为博弈模型来模拟蜈蚣博弈的实验过程.模拟结果显示,本文建立的模型不仅能够解释蜈蚣博弈实验结果的所有定性特征,而且估计出了不公平厌恶系数的均值范围.根据极大似然准则,本文的模型有很好的拟合效果.