Effective strategy of the overwintering of semiaquatic bugs: overwintering of Velia caprai (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)

Overwintering of Velia caprai was studied during the winter months 2006–2007 in the area of South Bohemia (Czech Republic) by (1) field phenological observations and samples, (2) study of artificially established experimental cohorts in an unheated glasshouse, and (3) auxiliary experiments in a laboratory. Velia caprai has a unique way of overwintering within the gerromorphan bugs that is rare among insects generally; it can overwinter in both an adult and an egg stage. Most females reach sexual maturity before overwintering, mate with mature males, overwinter actively on the water surface and lay eggs during the winter. The dormant eggs can be induced to hatch by increasing temperatures. Winter oviposition can be interpreted as a sign of a risk‐spreading reproductive strategy. The overwintering of both adults and eggs provides a chance to adapt to changes in the local environmental conditions and could be an important determinant in broad variability of life‐history traits.     

古欧洲女神宗教的延续与变异

按照古欧洲人的观念,大地上的生命处于永恒的周期性转化之中。因而,将所有女神像视作核心职能为赐予生命、掌控死亡、使万物再生与复元的同一位大女神的不同方面似乎更加合适。古欧洲人与外来的印欧宗教冲突的结果,在古欧洲女神的被贬黜,神庙、礼器和神圣标记的消失,以及视觉艺术中宗教意象的急剧削减中清晰可见。不过,这种转变并非一种文化被另一种文化所取代,而是两种不同象征体系的逐渐融合。古欧洲女神宗教暗中仍在延续。     

中国、意大利、西班牙国际运作管理课程通用教学平台建设经验

This paper is intended to describe an ongoing initiative that is being carried out among three Chinese and two European universities.The aim of the International Operations Management Project is to create and offer a common didactical offer for both Chinese and European students either at under and post graduate level.According to the partners' beliefs,the internationalization of the Operations Management topic needs to be properly addressed at those levels.In this work,the authors outline main managerial and technological decisions taken when they needed to harmonize such heterogeneous working teams.The proposed IOM Didactical Platform architecture,which is described here,is a result of a deep analysis of the described scenario which has allowed us to properly achieve both project's goals and partner's expected flexibility.By means of a Moodle-based architecture,contents' creation and accessibility is already available for all the partners who need them in order to arrange their specific didactical offer,according their particular environmental needs.     

A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi,with description of two new species from Europe

A new Holarctic subgenus (Fungivenator subgen. nov.) of the genus Colastes Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) is proposed for a group of species that, as far as is known, has its larvae living on hosts in bracket fungi. The type species (Colastes sandei sp. nov. from Netherlands, Germany and England) and a second species (C. fritzeni sp. nov.) from Finland are described and illustrated. A key to the five known species is included.     

关于中世纪西欧城市研究中的几个问题

中世纪城市的诞生标志着西欧内部历史的一个新时期的开始，对于整个欧洲历史的发展具有深远的意义。中世纪西欧城市兴起的途径是多种多样的，农业与手工业的分离则是城市产生的基础。这些城市并非纯粹是反封建的，它们的性质需要重新识别。尽管在中世纪的中国也存在过类似的大城市以及“中世纪封建的中介阶层”——士阶层，却无法经由内发的途径发展出资本主义。     

20世纪末西欧社会民主党复兴的原因初探

20世纪90年代中期以来，西欧社会民主党在困境中复兴，其复兴原因可归结为三个方面：树立新形象、右翼的消沉、联盟战略的运用。     

汉萨同盟与中世纪西欧贸易区的形成

论述了汉萨同盟的意义,指出汉萨同盟是德意志北部城市之间形成的商业、政治联盟,在欧洲中世纪的历史上具有举足轻重的地位。汉萨同盟是日耳曼人向东扩张和殖民过程中形成的。波罗的海沿岸地区城市的兴起和商业的发展、神圣罗马帝国的衰落以及海盗的猖獗等因素是汉萨同盟形成的重要因素。汉萨同盟的形成和发展极大地促进了西、北欧地区的经济联系,改善了该地区的商贸环境,对北海、波罗的海贸易区的形成和发展乃至中世纪西欧贸易区的形成都作出了重大贡献。     

中国古陶瓷文化在欧洲的传播及其影响

中国陶瓷不但蕴藏着历史、社会、政治、经济等广阔背景，而且包含着科学、工艺、美学的内涵，在中国文化史，特别是中外文化交流史上占有极其重要的地位，对于推动世界文化的交流起到一些作用。     

英国中世纪城堡对经济发展的若干影响

城堡是西欧中世纪的重要历史遗存,研究城堡有助于对西欧中世纪社会的全面了解。西欧中世纪的社会经济条件制约着城堡的兴衰,城堡反过来对当时社会的城堡市场、建筑业和城堡城镇及城市的发展也具有重要的积极影响。