黄土高原林草建设的经验教训与前景

黄土高原这样大面积、高强度的水土流失在全国 ,乃至世界上都是罕见的。大面积强烈的水土流失不仅使高原本身自然环境日趋恶化 ,而且泥沙在黄河下游河道侵蚀堆积 ,成为下游频繁改道和大堤决溢的根本原因。漫长的历史时期内 ,黄河下游的洪水始终是中华民族的心腹之患。新中国成立以来 ,黄土高原水土流失虽历经５０余载的治理 ,但治理程度和效益都不尽人意 ,生态环境恶化状况并没有得到有效控制 ,侵蚀、决溢仍然威胁着黄河下游的安全。黄土高原到底如何治理 ,５０年来有过多次大讨论 ,发表的文章和出版的专著数量之多 ,恐怕世界上再也没有哪一…     

黄土高原生物资源现状及生态环境综合治理

黄土高原位于内蒙古南侧。在北纬34°—41°,东经101°—114°,东起太行山,西至日月山,北起长城,南到泰岭山脉。行政区包括山西全省,宁夏全省、陕西省的陕北、甘肃省的东部、青海省东部、内蒙古西南部,河南西北部地区。整个高原地势东南低西北高,海拔在1000—3000米,最高山峰为3770米。总面积约9.0—10.17亿亩。黄土     

兰州地区的啮齿动物生态地理

兰州地区位于我国黄土高原的西北部。区内地貌类型以黄土梁峁、勾壑为主,还有山地与盆地,黄河由西向东贯穿兰州盆地,黄河南北两岸形成多级阶地。天然植被以干草原为主,向北逐渐出现荒漠化草原,局部的山地分布着森林和灌丛,以兴隆山和马衔山为例,除此之外,以农田所占据,在这种生态环境中分布着啮齿动物群。     

陕北黄土高原森林草原地带植被恢复演替初步研究

本区植被恢复演替呈现4个阶段:1、先锋群落阶段:黄蒿群落、苦菜群落、狗尾草群落等;2、多年生禾草群落阶段:长芒草群落、大针茅群落、粗隐子草群落、香茅群落、冰草群落等;3、多年生蒿类群落阶段:铁杆蒿群落、茭蒿群落、茵陈蒿群落等:4、疏林草原阶段:山杏、大果榆、杜梨、侧柏、杜松等早中生矮乔木侵入多年生蒿类群落,它们的盖度一般5～10％。全部过程为植物群落作用下土壤性的内因动态演替,最后终止演替的主导因素为气候。     

坝系农业—治黄之本

一、治黄的根本任务现代黄土高原的科学研究表明,黄土高原的大范围、高强度的水土流失以自然侵蚀为主,人为加速侵蚀只起次要作用,而且黄土高原的自然侵蚀受控于自然地质地貌过程,在未来的几十万年内强度不会减弱。大规模水土流失这种地貌过程,及其所形成的千沟万壑的地貌形态,构成了黄土高原地区农业发展的两个主要限制因子,造成了当地贫穷落     

Land degradation, government subsidy, and smallholders＇ conservation decision： the case of the loess plateau in China

Land degradation is one of the severe environmental problems in China. In order to combat land degradation, a soil conservation program was introduced since 2000 to reduce soil erosion by converting slope-cultivated land into forestry and pasture. This paper represents the first systematic attempt to investigate the impact of the soil conservation program on land degradation in the loess plateau. The results indicate that the soil conservation program to convert slope fields into forest or pasture is an effective way to combat soil erosion. However, a subsidy that is higher than profit of land use activity of slope fields before their conversion into forest and pasture is needed to encourage farmers to join the conservation program. A policy measure to encourage and assist farmers to develop sedentary livestock by using crops produced from fields as well as fodder and forage grass from the converted slope fields might contribute to combat soil erosion. Increase in off-farm job opportunities may encourage households to reduce cultivation in slope fields. That implies a policy measure to encourage rural urbanization might contribute to combat soil erosion.     

洛川黄土堆积磁性地层界线附近He同位素异常

粒径小于10 μm的宇宙尘含有较地表沉积物高的稀有气体同位素³He/⁴He比值和³He浓度, 地表物质平均³He/⁴He比值不足0.1 R_A (R_A即 air ratio, 是大气中³He/⁴He比值, R_A = 1.4×10^-6), 而宇宙尘的³He/⁴He比值却大于100R_A. 因此, 沉积物中宇宙尘的加入可以从³He/⁴He比值反映出来. 本文以典型的洛川黄土剖面为研究对象, 对磁性地层B/M和M/G界线附近的样品进行了氦同位素测试, 以探索黄土堆积的宇宙尘纪录. 对8个样品的原岩样、提取的磁性矿物和石英颗粒分别进行了测试, 发现磁性矿物的³He/⁴He比值较陆壳的值高出了一个数量级, ³He和⁴He含量也均明显偏高, 特别是磁性矿物的³He浓度比石英颗粒高出了2~3个数量级, 比全岩部分高出了1~2个数量级. 这些结果表明, 洛川黄土中磁性矿物的高比率³He/⁴He可能是由于宇宙尘的注入引起的.     

Diet control on carbon isotopic composition of land snail shell carbonate

Carbon isotope compositions for both the carbonate shells and soft bodies (organic tissue) of living land snails collected mostly from the Loess Plateau, China have been measured. The result shows that δ 13C values range from -13.1‰ to -4.3‰ for the aragonite shell samples and from -26.8‰ to -18.0‰ for the soft body samples. Although the shells are enriched in 13C relative to the bodies averagely by 14.2(±0.8)‰, the shell δ 13Ca values are closely correlated to the body δ 13Corg values, expressed as δ 13Ca = 1.021 δ 13Corg 14.38 (R = 0.965; N = 31). This relationship indicates that δ 13Ca is primarily a function of the isotopic composition of the snail diets since previous studies have proved that the snail body is the same as their food in carbon isotope composition. In other words, carbon isotope compo-sition of the carbonate shell can be used as a proxy to estimate the dietary 13C abundance of the land snails. The data also support that the 13C enrichment of the carbonate shells results mainly from the equilibrium fractionations between the metabolic CO2, HCO3-in the hemolymph and shell aragonite, and partially from kinetic fractionations when snail shells form during their activity.     

黄土高原抗旱造林技术措施研究

黄土高原抗旱造林技术,长期以来倍受人们的关注和探索。通过十几年的林业一线工作,研究总结出了黄土高原抗旱造林技术措施,即在土壤蓄水保墒、树种选择与林种确定、密度与林分结构确定、苗木保护与处理、栽植技术抚育管理六方面采取综合配套措施。     

基于生态观的黄土高原城市滨水区景观规划原则

在多学科融贯的理论基础上，分析了黄土高原城市滨水区景观规划中存在的问题。在此基础上，通过实例分析，提出基于生态观的可持续发展的黄土高原城市滨水区景观规划的原则。