Dust direct radiative effects on the earth-atmosphere system over east Asia: Early spring cooling and late spring warming

Focusing on three dust storms occurring in spring 2001,we developed a detailed aerosol parameterization scheme and integrated it in a radiative transfer model to characterize possible impacts of solar altitude angle on dust direct radiative effects over China desert regions and the North Pacific,using actual daily solar altitude angles.Increasing solar altitude angle from early spring (or winter) to late spring (or summer) leads to increase of positive clear sky radiative forcing,and decrease of negative radiative forcing due to dust aerosols at the top of the atmosphere.Because solar altitude angle increases from early to late spring,dust-clear sky radiative forcing may change from negative to positive at the top of atmosphere,showing a change from cooling to heating of the earth-atmosphere system over high-albedo deserts and nearby regions.Over low-albedo ocean negative clear sky radiative forcing by dust may decrease,suggesting a change from strong to weak cooling on the earth-atmosphere system.The impacts of solar altitude angle on cloudy sky radiative forcing due to dust are similar to those of clear sky.Impacts of low cloud on dust radiative forcing are the same as increasing surface albedo.This causes the transition of dust cooling effects into heating effects over deserts to occur earlier,and causes decrease of negative radiative forcing over the ocean and even cause a change from weak negative radiative forcing to weak positive forcing over local areas.Even in the same East Asian desert regions and nearby areas,the strength and sign of the radiative forcings depend on storm dates and thus solar altitude angle.The nearer to early spring (or winter) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to negative radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,which indicates cooling effects on the earth-atmosphere system.In contrast,the nearer to late spring (or summer) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to positive radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,showing heating effects.Over East Asian deserts and nearby regions,dust layers may be regarded as cooling sources in early spring (winter) and warming sources in late spring (summer).     

大杆臂条件下传递对准算法的设计与仿真

以舰载主/子惯导传递对准为研究对象,分析了传递对准中大杆臂给杆臂长度与子惯导速度带来的影响。针对大杆臂条件下杆臂长度不确定性增加的问题,提出了将杆臂长度误差增列为系统状态向量进行精确估计,并设计了滤波器。针对大杆臂条件下,子惯导天向通道的精确计算需求,提出主惯导在子惯导安装位置处的伪观测量构造算法。仿真结果表明了该滤波算法可以精确的估计杆臂长度,保证子惯导天向通道的计算精度。     

δ13C difference between plants and soil organic matter along the eastern slope of Mount Gongga

Carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of plants, litter and soil organic matter (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm) on the eastern slope of Mount Gongga were measured. The results show that δ¹³C values of plants, litter and soil organic matter all decrease first and then increase with altitude, i.e δ¹³C values gradually decrease from 1200 to 2100 m a.s.l., and increase from 2100 to 4500 m a.s.l. The δ¹³C altitudinal variations are related to the distribution of C₃ and C₄ plants on the eastern slope of Mount Gongga, because C₄ plants are observed to grow only below 2100 m, while C3 plants occur at all altitudes. There are significantly positive correla-tions among δ¹³C of vegetation, δ¹³C of litter and δ¹³C of soil organic matter, and litter, 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil or-ganic matter are 0.56‰, 2.87‰, 3.04‰ and 3.49‰ greater in δ¹³C than vegetation, respectively. Considering the influences of rising concentration of atmospheric CO₂ and decreasing δ¹³C of atmospheric CO₂ since the industry revolution on δ¹³C of plants, 1.57‰ is proposed to be the smallest correction value for reconstruction of paleovegetation using δ¹³C of soil organic matter.     

中国煤炭清洁高效利用的实践与展望

 煤炭是中国的优势能源矿产,对国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善至关重要;煤炭燃烧使用产生的污染问题已经找到科学和经济可行的清洁高效利用途径,减少CO₂排放有多种选项,需要理智选择和应对;完全舍弃煤炭似为不明智的做法。提出了中国下一步发展煤炭清洁高效利用的主要开展方向。     

基于混合粒子群优化的巡航导弹低空突防航迹规划

将模拟退火算法嵌入到粒子群优化（partical swarm optimization, PSO）算法中,并对PSO产生的最优适应值进行重新评价,以此构成混合粒子群优化算法（PSO-SA）. 将PSO-SA 算法应用于巡航导弹的航迹规划,不仅可以避免PSO陷入局部最优,而且能快速有效地完成离线和在线规划任务,获得理想的三维航迹. 仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性,且对同一起始位置所规划出的航程较PSO算法短,可有效节约导弹燃料.     

超低有质动力势能场中原子强场双电离机制研究

利用三维经典系综模型,研究了超低有质动力势能场下碱土金属原子的强场双电离机制,并比较了较高有质动力势能场的情况.结果显示,较高有质动力势能场下,双电离过程仍然可以用三步再碰撞机制来解释.然而,超低有质动力势能场下,双电离过程显示出较新颖的特性,比如双电离产率随原子电离能的增大而增大,这很难用再碰撞机制来解释.反演分析两...     

雀儿山隧道温泉热能融化洞口段路面冰雪的可行性

高海拔隧道冬季洞口路面积雪结冰,极易诱发交通事故发生,威胁行车安全。为分析高海拔隧道温泉热能融化洞口段路面冰雪可行性,开展雀儿山隧道气候与温泉温度变化长期监测,通过模型计算和现场测试研究了温泉管道热源对冬季冰雪影响。结果表明:提高入口温泉温度,减小管道间距有利于高效融化路面冰雪,对比优选出间距24 cm、埋深10 cm、管径2 cm不锈钢管的路面下温泉管道布置参数。现场测试发现30℃温泉24 h能明显融化路面上方3.5 cm厚冰雪,在10～12 cm积雪环境下温泉管道能够保障上方路面无冰雪堆积,保障道路行车安全。研究成果可为利用可再生的温泉热能保障高海拔和寒区隧道洞口路面冬季行车安全提供了借鉴。     

非均质性对超低渗透油藏产水机制影响实验

 针对超低渗透油藏普遍发育微裂缝、导致储层非均质性强的特点,开展了裂缝型岩心的制作和不同组合方式下的超低渗透油藏天然能量开采的物理模拟实验。基质与裂缝型岩心并联水驱油实验模拟不同非均质性储层油藏产水规律。实验结果表明,非均质储层含水上升曲线分为无水采油期、含水上升期和高含水上升期、高含水期4个阶段。含水上升规律主要受储层平均渗透率、渗透率级差、微裂缝发育特征和含水层能量的影响。对于非均质性较强的超低渗透油藏,应重点关注较高渗透率储层、水层和裂缝较发育储层的含水上升变化特征。     

低渗和特低渗油层CO2-N2复合驱研究

针对低渗-特低渗油层CO₂-N₂复合驱提高采收率,以大庆外围YS油田的特低渗透油层为背景,进行了数值模拟和物理模拟两方面的研究。利用CMG数值模拟软件GEM模块,建立了一维长细管、均质、非均质理想模型及五点法井网单元模型,分别对CO₂-N₂复合驱的驱油方式、影响因素、五点法井网单元模型下的段塞组成进行了模拟计算及分析。与此同时,在室内分别选用30 cm长的低渗透、特低渗透天然岩心,各进行了5种不同驱替方案的实验研究,确定了CO₂-N₂复合中CO₂合理段塞尺寸及驱油效果,并验证了数值模拟计算的可靠性。研究结果表明,低渗-特低渗透油层CO₂-N₂复合驱不宜采用CO₂与N₂混合驱方式,而应采用一次注入合理的CO₂段塞(约0.3PV)＋N₂的段塞组合驱方式,这样不仅可以减少CO₂用量,而且可以充分发挥CO₂与N₂各自的优势,获得优于全部注CO₂驱的驱油效果;且油层渗透率越低、渗透率级差越小或长厚比越大,越有利于提高CO₂-N₂复合驱采收率;厚度小于井距1%的油层也有利于CO₂-N₂复合驱提高采收率。     

克拉玛依油田八区下乌尔禾组油藏水淹体四维描述

描述了块状特低渗透砾岩油藏水淹特征及水淹规律,并利用加密井水淹层解释结合动态分析定量描述了水淹体形态随时间的变化、进一步讨论了该类油藏的水驱机理,且对该区油藏的长期双线性渗流模型、裂缝控制水驱方向、水驱速度差异、裂缝的应力敏感性等进行了讨论。现场应用该成果,控制注水取得较好成效。