可变利率下的两全保险

两全保险是寿险中的一个重要险种,在传统精算学的基础上,以变利率为背景,对当前经常使用的常数利率下的两全保险模型进行改进.将原有的常利率下的两全保险模型推广到可变利率的情况,并给出了此情况下的纯保费的计算方法.这样计算得到的各项数据将更加贴近实际,而对于保险公司的各项实务具有参考价值.     

Predicting exchange rates in Asia: New insights on the accuracy of survey forecasts

By linking measures of forecast accuracy as well as testing procedures with regard to forecast rationality this paper investigates aggregated survey forecasts with forecast horizons of 3, 12, and 24 months for the exchange rates of the Chinese yuan, the Hong Kong dollar, the Japanese yen, and the Singapore dollar vis-à-vis the US dollar and, hence, for four different currency regimes. The rationality of the exchange rate predictions is initially assessed utilizing tests for unbiasedness and efficiency which indicate that the investigated forecasts are irrational in the sense that the predictions are biased. As one major contribution of this paper, it is subsequently shown that these results are not consistent with an alternative, less restrictive, measure of rationality. Investigating the order of integration of the time series as well as cointegrating relationships, this empirical evidence supports the conclusion that the majority of forecasts are in fact rational. Regarding forerunning properties of the predictions, the results are rather mediocre, with shorter term forecasts for the tightly managed USD/CNY FX regime being one exception. As one additional important and novel evaluation result, it can be concluded, that the currency regime matters for the quality of exchange rate forecasts.     

一种汇率模型的波动分析

讨论一种受到一般随机干扰的汇率模型,介绍随机循环的含义及定理,使用随机李雅普诺夫函数得到了在一定的条件下受到各种随机干扰的实际汇率的波动范围。     

The real exchange rate,fiscal policy and the role of wealth an analysis of equilibrium in a monetary union

This paper is concerned with the adjustment processes within a potential European monetary union and looks in particular at permanent asymmetric shocks that require an adjustment in a country's (or region's) real exchange rate. We first consider some of the implications of EMU and the question of asymmetries within the European economy. The presence of asymmetries and, in particular, different institutional structures in labour markets is a potential source of tension within a union and it could make a union difficult to sustain. However, automatic adjustment processes will be at work within a monetary union as a result of changes in relative price levels, which change real exchange rates, and also as a result of changes in wealth stocks. We use our econometric world model, NIGEM, to investigate the effects of asymmetric fiscal expansions and real exchange rate misalignments within a monetary union. In order to quantify the effects of such permanent asymmetric shocks we have introduced wealth into our model. Our simulations suggest that the principal impact of the fiscal expansion on both output and the price level will occur within the country in which the expansion occurs. Short-term gains are crowded out in the medium term, and while monetary union reduces crowding out in the short term, it increases the rate at which crowding out occurs thereafter. We also analyse the effects of real exchange rate misalignments and find that the processes of adjustment may be very protracted. This could cause strain on the union as adjustment costs are shared unequally.     

Forecast comparisons of four models of U.S. interest rates

In this paper we compare the out of sample forecasts from four alternative interest rate models based on expanding information sets. The random walk model is the most restrictive. The univariate time series model allows for a richer dynamic pattern and more conditioning information on own rates. The multivariate time series model permits a flexible dynamic pattern with own- and cross-series information. Finally, the forecasts from the MPS econometric model depend on the full model structure and information set. In theory, more information is preferred to less. In practice, complicated misspecified models can perform much worse than simple (also probably misspecified) models. For forecasts evaluated over the volatile 1970s the multivariate time series model forecasts are considerably better than those from simpler models which use less conditioning information, as well as forecasts from the MPS model which uses substantially more conditioning information but also imposes ‘structural’ economic restrictions.     

水溶性壳聚糖的热分解动力学研究

利用多重扫描速率法研究了商品水溶性壳聚糖(盐酸盐)的热分解反应动力学.主分解过程可以分为两个阶段,首先是高分子盐的分解,其次是高分子链的解聚合,两个阶段的反应活化能E和指前因子lnA值分别为173.99±2.63,128.97±1.87 kJ·mol-1和35.28±0.62,24.69±0.44 min-1.利用Achar微分法判定该物质两个阶段的热分解最概然机理函数相同,为f(α)＝ 1-α,该模型属于每个颗粒上只有一个核心的随机成核和随后生长机理.     

异速生长关系在生物学中的应用

综述了异速生长关系在动物代谢和植物生长方面的应用．分析了异速生长关系的机理解释模型——代谢生态学理论——在生物学研究中的现状和存在的问题．该理论认为,生物的代谢速率将正比于个体质量3／4次幂,然后将生物体的其他属性同代谢速率相联系,并进行一系列的时间、空间和组织水平的尺度转换,从而代谢生态学理论可以解释个体生长、发育、种群动态、分子进化,以及物种多样性等问题．     

汇率与公司利润

汇率的一个重要职能就是价格转换功能,它是形成各种相对价格的基础。汇率变化会通过相对价格的变化而对一个国家的贸易收支状况和公司的价值,利润及其它的财务指标产生较大的影响。本文将探讨汇率变化对进出口企业利润产生的影响。在假定生产厂商追求利润最大化目标的前提下,作者得出了如下的结果：１）对于纯出口型企业,公司利润对汇率的弹性为国外对公司出口产品的需求弹性;２）对于纯进口型企业,公司利润对汇率的弹性为公司进口产品的需求弹性;３）对于进出口型企业,公司利润对汇率的弹性为０,即汇率变化对该类公司利润不产生影响。最后,作者提供了测算进,出口企业利润对汇率弹性的一般方法。     

碳税CGE模型对我国经济影响分析

以2007年为基年,通过引入对化石能源生产部门征收六种情形的差别税率,构建了一个用于分析研究碳税政策变化对我国经济影响的可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型。结果表明,碳税的征收对将产生总产出水平下降0.12%至0.42%、名义GDP下降0.78%至2.56%、居民的总收入下降0.71%至2.34%、企业收入下降0.80%至2.60%等负面影响,但同时也带来了政府收入增长2.72%至7.03%、总投资额增长0.54%至1.46%等积极影响。各部门产出的变化也表明碳税的引入将改善能源结构和调整产业结构,从而提高环境质量。     

Forecasting Interest Rates and Yield Spreads: The Informational Content of Implied Futures Yields and Best-fitting Forward Rate Models

Forecasts of interest rates for different maturities are essential for forecasts of asset prices. The growth of derivatives markets coupled with the development of complex theories of the term structure of interest rates have provided forecasters with a rich array of variables for predicting interest rates and yield spreads. This paper extends previous work on forecasting future interest rates and yield spreads using market data for T-bills, T-Notes, and Treasury Bond spot and futures contracts. The information conveyed in technical models that use market data is also assessed, using a recent innovation in interest rate modelling, the maximum smoothness approach. Forecasts from this model are compared with predicted yields and yield spreads derived from futures prices as well as with those of the random walk model. The results show some evidence of market segmentation, with more arbitrage evident for nearby maturities. Market participants appear to show a greater degree of consensus on short-term interest rates than on longer-term interest rates. There is some indication that forecasts from the futures markets are marginally better than those provided by those of the maximum-smoothness approach, consistent with the informational advantages of futures markets. Finally, futures and maximum-smoothness market forecasts are shown to outperform those of the random walk model.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.