The epistemological virtues of assumptions: towards a coming of age of Boltzmann and Meinong’s objections to ‘the prejudice in favour of the actual’?

Two complementary debates of the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century are examined here: the debate on the legitimacy of hypotheses in the natural sciences and the debate on intentionality and ‘representations without object’ in philosophy. Both are shown to rest on two core issues: the attitude of the subject and the mode of presentation chosen to display a domain of phenomena. An orientation other than the one which contributed to shape twentieth-century philosophy of science is explored through the analysis of the role given to assumptions in Boltzmann’s research strategy, where assumptions are contrasted to hypotheses, axioms, and principles, and in Meinong’s criticism of the privileged status attributed to representations in mental activities. Boltzmann’s computational style in mathematics and Meinong’s criticism of the confusion between representation and judgment give prominence to an indirect mode of presentation, adopted in a state of suspended belief which is characteristic of assumptions and which enables one to grasp objects that cannot be reached through direct representation or even analogies. The discussion shows how assumptions and the movement to fiction can be essential steps in the quest for objectivity. The conclusion restates the issues of the two debates in a contemporary perspective and shows how recent developments in philosophy of science and philosophy of language and mind can be brought together by arguing for a twofold conception of reference.     

我国植物类科技期刊论文存在的主要问题———一个专业工作者的看法

从专业读者的角度，就我国植物类科技期刊论文中存在的一些问题进行了梳理和总结．问题主要有：一稿两投和重复发表、交代说明不够详细具体、表述错误和格式不规范等现象．     

Target Situation Analysis and Present Situation Analysis in Planning an Oral Presentation Course

Needs analysis is an essential step in planning an oral presentation course in an ESP context.This paper illustrates two important areas in the relevant needs analysis: target situation analysis and present situation analysis.     

论表征形式与教育背景对于概率推断准确性的影响

在本研究中,实验人员就上述两种因素对于一例医疗诊断问题的影响进行了调查,997名不同专业背景的本科学生对于妇女是否患有乳腺癌进行了概率推断.研究所用的诊断题目采用了一种概率格式(probabilistic format)和三种频率格式(frequency format).调查结果显示,具有理科背景的学生综合表现优于文科背景的学生;相比于概率格式,两种频率格式(树状图和表格频率)改善了所有学生的表现,而标准频率格式只提高了理科学生的表现.此次研究为今后概率推断的教育工作提供了更广阔的思路.     

改善水泥混凝土外观质量的方法措施

文中主要从模板制作安装、材料质量、混凝土配合比组成、浇注振捣、养护等施工技术工艺方面论述了解决外观质量缺陷的方法措施。     

广义有限表现模

本文首先引进了广义有限表现模的概念,然后给出了广义有限表现模的结构定理(定理1.3),进而利用广义有限表现模的有限表现维数刻划了凝聚环(推论1.5,定理1.8),最后讨论了广义有限表现模的对偶模以及平坦模的投射性。     

Immune responses to DNA vaccines

DNA vaccines, based on plasmid vectors expressing an antigen under the control of a strong promoter, have been shown to induce protective immune responses to a number of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. They have also displayed efficacy in treatment or prevention of cancer, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. Immunologically, DNA vaccines induce a full spectrum of immune responses that include cytolytic T cells, T helper cells and antibodies. The immune response to DNA vaccines can be enhanced by genetic engineering of the antigen to facilitate its presentation to B and T cells. Furthermore, the immune response can be modulated by genetic adjuvants in the form of vectors expressing biologically active determinants or by more traditional adjuvants that facilitate uptake of DNA into cells. The ease of genetic manipulation of DNA vaccines invites their use not only as vaccines but also as research tools for immunologists and microbiologists. Received 26 October 1998; received after revision 3 December 1998; accepted 3 December 1998     

Immunomodulatory properties of cystatins

Cystatins are natural tight-binding reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Because these cysteine proteases exist in all living organisms and because they are involved in various biological and pathological processes, the control of these protease functions by cystatins is of cardinal importance. Cystatins are found in mammals but cystatin-like molecules are also present in mammals and parasites. In the immune system, cystatins modulate cathepsin activities and antigen presentation. They also induce tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 synthesis, and they stimulate nitric oxide production by interferon γ-activated murine macrophages. In turn, nitric oxide has inhibitory activity on cysteine proteases, especially those from parasitic protozoa. Cystatins isolated from parasitic nematodes also have immunomodulatory activities that are distinguishable from those induced by lipopolysacharide-like molecules from endosymbiotic bacteria. On the whole, cystatins and cystatin-like molecules belong to a new category of immunomodulatory molecules. Doubtless increasing data will improve our knowledge of this property, leading to practical applications in immunotherapy. Received 11 April 2002; accepted 18 April 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

??电工学??远程多媒体教学软件设计

以《电工学》课程为例,从数据模型出发介质多媒体网络远程教学软件的设计方法。     

现代广告逻辑的表现刍议

现代广告需要有严密的逻辑体系。现代广告的逻辑通过其文案、图形、色彩和创意来表现,体现出功利性、艺术性、严密性、创新性和依赖性。