现代科学发展需要“T”字型人才

一 现代科学的发展由小科学时代走向大科学时代。其科学的发展特点是朝着微观和宏观两个截然不同的方向发展,即科学的高度分化和高度综合。科学的深度分化,使各门学科越来越专门化,而纵向发展则引起综合科学的发展。学科间的相互联系、相互渗透己成为科学发展的主流。新学科的兴起,促使传统学科的不断分化与解体。全世界每年新生几十种学科、新生上百种技术专业,共发展速度令人吃惊,可谓日新月异,似乎存在“杂交优势”效应。《控制论》创造人维纳曾指出:“在科学发展上可以得到最大收获的领域是各种已经建立起来的部门之间的被忽视的无人区。”在这科学技术迅速发展,知识不断更新,信息量急     

河南黄淮平原鼠类密度及鼠害防治对策

自1984年3月至1986年3月,于遂平、中牟、周口三处,按月或季度进行周年调查统计。结果表明:黄淮平原农田鼠类群落主要由黑线姬鼠十纹背仓鼠+大仓鼠组成;室内主要由褐家鼠+小家鼠组成。不论田野及室内,其数量配置并非均态,在不同的小生境和不同季节蜜度差异悬殊。野外以坟(土豖)、路基、渠坡等非耕作荒地较高,蔬菜地高于作物地。居民区以贮藏室、庭院禽畜圈更高。据逐月统计及性腺发育检验证明:野鼠和家鼠密度的季节波动曲线均呈双峰型。但前者高峰期于3～5月和9～11月,后者在5～7月及10～12月。这两个密度高峰都反映了繁殖活动的频繁或繁殖后数量增长的结果。掌握鼠类对不同生境的选择及其间的迁移的规律,掌握繁殖和密度高峰出现的时间,可作为综合防治的依据。防治鼠害要把握时机,以达标为目的,采用药杀为主的综合防治。在一次大面积压低密度之后,采取各种措施,巩固灭效,使鼠类密度能较长期保持在不致产生危害的水平之下。     

基于生态位理论的广西区域旅游协调发展研究

为优化广西区域旅游布局,促进旅游产业有序协调发展,基于生态位理论,利用2011—2015年广西14个地级城市的相关变量数据构建了包含旅游产业、经济社会、生态环境等维度的区域旅游生态位测度系统,通过计算得到广西旅游生态位竞争态势综合评价结果.研究结果显示:各城市的旅游生态位总体得分不高但内部差异具有统计学意义,旅游生态位发展态势持续扩充,影响力逐渐增强;区域旅游生态位等级可以划分为核心城市、节点城市、网络城市3种类型,其中核心城市为南宁市和桂林市,节点城市为柳州市,其余11个城市为网络城市;在区域旅游生态位竞合关系中,核心城市、节点城市、网络城市分别适宜采取领先战略、跟随战略、补缺战略.     

基于生态位适宜度的辽宁省生态环境负荷水平测度

辽宁省作为东北老工业基地的重点区域,自上世纪新中国建立以来,产业结构一直处于重化工行业压倒性发展态势,并且在盲目追求经济高增长的发展目标指引下,环境污染愈发严重。长久以来,畸形化的产业结构与生态保护认知盲区,使得辽宁经济发展福祉被生态环境负荷逐渐侵蚀掉,从而造成整个省域范围内生态系统的脆弱性。将生态学中的生态位模型应用于辽宁省生态环境负荷的适宜度研究,通过适宜度水平的测度,准确把握辽宁省1995~2014年生态系统的运行状况以及环境污染问题的症结所在,最后从产业结构、公众认知和技术创新等角度,提出提升辽宁省生态环境负荷适宜度的具体措施。     

Potential geographic distribution niche modeling based on bioclimatic variables of three species of Temnomastax Rehn and Rehn, 1942 (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae)

Predictive modeling of geographic distribution based on ecological niche has become an important tool in ecology. It uses previous information about distribution of species and environmental variations associated with this distribution, restricting to the models the closest prediction of the ecological niche. The eumastacid grasshoppers are distributed mainly in the Neotropical region, and Temnomastacinae is the subfamily with the largest geographic distribution. Little is known about the biology of Eumastacidae, the only data available reporting the association between some grasshopper species and plants of several families. In the Cerrado only Temnomastax is recorded, which has a wide distribution in the central region of Brazil. The aim of this work was to determine the potential geographic distribution of three species of Temnomastax occurring in the Cerrado biome. We used 446 records of occurrence obtained in specialised literature, inventories, museums and photographs, from the following species: Temnomastax hamus, Temnomastax ricardoi and Temnomastax tigris. The niche modeling was generated with the bioclimatic model DOMAIN through DIVA-GIS. The potential geographic distribution of T. hamus is the largest among all Temnomastax species. Temnomastax ricardoi has its potential distribution in the central-north of Mato Grosso do Sul, in regions surrounding the type locality, while T. tigris. exhibits a restricted potential distribution along the carbonate arc of the Corumbá Formation, which outcrops in the region of Serra da Bodoquena and Corumbá, entering the eastern portion of Bolivia.     

Sharing the space: coexistence among terrestrial predators in Neotropical caves

The subterranean environment has a set of unique characteristics, including low thermic variation, high relative humidity, areas with total absence of light and high dependence on nutrient input from the epigean environment. Such characteristics promote distinct ecological conditions that support the existence of unique communities. In this work, we studied seven caves in the Presidente Olegário municipality, Minas Gerais state, Southeast Brazil, to determine their richness of predatory species, to understand how they are spatially distributed in the cave and whether their distribution is influenced by competition and/or predation. We carried out five surveys of the caves, with each cave divided into sampling plots. We collected fauna within the plots using a manual search method. The collected animals were fixed in 70% ethanol for later identification. We performed a canonical correspondence analysis to verify the spatial distribution and substrate preference of each species, and selected five species for agonistic interaction testing in the laboratory. We found a great richness of predators in the caves, with 79 species distributed among 22 families of spiders, five families of pseudoscorpions, three families of chilopods, two families of opilionids and one family each of scorpions and heteroptera. Spiders were the most species diverse and abundant of all arthropods we found in the caves. We recorded evidence of competition among some pairs of species but, in general, the spatial distribution of the predatory community in the interior of the caves seems to be unrelated to interspecies competition. The laboratory pairings support our field observations that most species merely share space, rather than exhibiting aggressive or predatory behaviour.     

稻粉虱Aleurooybotus indicus及其天敌生态位的研究

通过对稻粉虱Aleurooybotus indicus及其天敌时间生态位和空间生态位的调查,测定了生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位比例相似性。在此基础上,构建时空二维生态位,并分析了稻粉虱及其天敌的发生规律和相互关系。     

寒武早期泥质基底腕足动物的生活策略——来自澄江动物群的证据

目的 系统分析滇东泥质基底澄江化石库腕足动物的生活方式.方法 依据澄江化石库丰富的腕足动物资料,论证寒武纪早期泥质基底腕足动物的生活策略.结果 寒武纪早期泥质基底上腕足动物的生活方式主要包括肉茎附着型(pedicle-anchoring or pedicle-attaching)、自由平躺型(free-lying)、假内栖型(qusi-infaunal)和表栖粘附型(cemented epifaunal),肉茎附着型是早寒武世腕足动物生活的最普遍的型式.结论 空间生态分析显示,早寒武世滇东海盆中,腕足动物的分布已经具有一定的空间层次性,不同的腕足类型占据了不同的生态位,形成了比较复杂的空间群落结构.     

Will future anthropogenic climate change increase the potential distribution of the alien invasive Cuban treefrog (Anura: Hylidae)?

The invasive alien Cuban treefrog Osteopilus sepentrionalis is native to Cuba, the Bahamas and some adjacent islands. It was accidentally introduced to Florida, Puerto Rico and some Hawaiian islands, where it has become a predator and competes with native wildlife. We have used a maximum entropy ecological niche modelling approach to model its potential spread derived from current climate conditions as present in its native geographic distribution and we project that model into future climate change scenarios in order to detect new areas that are potentially threatened. Our model, applying current climatic conditions, suggested high probabilities of occurrence in countries around the Gulf of Mexico. Projections of potential distribution under future anthropogenic global warming scenarios suggest an overall extension of the potential distribution. If the predictive maps are interpreted as depicting the invasive potential of O. septentrionalis, strategies to prevent further invasion should focus on biosafety measures within the areas highlighted.