Interactional expertise and embodiment

In this four part exchange, Evan Selinger starts by stating that Collins’s empirical evidence in respect of linguistic socialization and its bearing on artificial intelligence and expertise is valuable; it advances philosophical and sociological understanding of the relationship between knowledge and language. Nevertheless, he argues that Collins mischaracterizes the data under review and thereby misrepresents how knowledge is acquired and understates the extent to which expert knowers are embodied. Selinger reconstructs the case for the importance of the body in the initial acquisition of language and challenges Collins to show how a disembodied entity could become fluent in any language at all.Collins responds by accepting that his approach does not demonstrate quite as much about the irrelevance of the body as he thought it did but that even though he accepts all of Selinger’s claims, ‘the body’ as needed by the philosophical approach set out by Selinger is still a vestigial thing. Collins’s main point, however, is that the philosophical view of the body—the world is divided into embodied agents and unembodied entities—distracts attention from the more interesting empirically researchable question of how the ability to become socialized diminishes, if it does, as the body become more and more minimal. The right research question is not about whether a person can extrapolate from minimal sensory input but how much extrapolation is possible under different circumstances and how it is done.Dreyfus, having seen the whole of the exchange so far, agrees that both have a point but argues that Collins’s approach still misses the well established importance of bodily engagement for full understanding.Collins responds to this by trying to set out more clearly the position associated with the idea of interactional expertise.     

论校办企业财务管理创新

实施财务管理创新是当前搞好高校校办企业的关键。本文认为高校校办企业的财务管理应分为高校作为投资主体 (间接出资人 )对校办企业的财务管理和受出资人约束与监督下的校办企业自身的财务管理两个层次 ,高校应从投资主体的角度加强对校办企业财务管理 ,通过建立健全相应的财务决策机制、激励机制和监督与约束机制来实现对校办企业的管理目标     

The evolution of BioBike: Community adaptation of a biocomputing platform

Programming languages are, at the same time, instruments and communicative artifacts that evolve rapidly through use. In this paper I describe an online computing platform called BioBike. BioBike is a trading zone where biologists and programmers collaborate in the development of an extended vocabulary and functionality for computational genomics. In the course of this work they develop interactional expertise with one another’s domains. The extended BioBike vocabulary operates on two planes: as a working programming language, and as a pidgin in the conversation between the biologists and engineers. The flexibility that permits this community to dynamically extend BioBike’s working vocabulary—to form new pidgins—makes BioBike unique among computational tools, which usually are not themselves adapted through the collaborations that they facilitate. Thus BioBike is itself a crucial feature—which it is tempting to refer to as a participant—in the developing interaction.     

浅谈会计报表造假的动机及手段与甄别

会计报表提供的信息是国家进行国民经济宏观管理的重要依据，也是投资人、债权人进行投资决策的基本依据。从分析会计报表造假的动机入手，论述了会计报表造假的手段及甄别方法。     

投资模型的最优停止问题

对经济系统中一类带有随机因素的投资问题运用概率统计的方法建立数学模型,并讨论了最优投资决策的明显表达式．     

风险投资项目的风险分布与风险控制的最优化管理研究

从风险和风险分布的定义出发,对风险投资项目的风险因素进行了较详尽的分析,从理论上探讨了风险因素的联合概率分布和条件概率分布,以及相应的风险分布,在此基础上,进一步探讨了风险控制的最优化管理模型,为风险投资的风险分析和风险控制提供了可靠的理论依据,具有相当的应用价值。     

Expertise及相关术语的译名商榷——兼谈外来术语汉译原则

术语对于一个学科的发展具有重要意义。通过追溯“expertise”及相关认知心理学术语的源起,分析其现有汉语译名的不足,认为外来术语汉译应遵循四项原则:准确性、专业性、可读性和一致性。据此,对该术语及相关术语的译名进行商榷论证,进而探讨四原则的内涵与相互关系。     

股指期货的推出对证券市场的影响

阐释了股指期货的定义和特点,分析了股指期货对证券市场的影响,提出了投资者在新的交易制度下的投资方向。     

Bringing tacit knowledge back to contributory and interactional expertise: A reply to Goddiksen

We analyse a recent paper by Goddiksen (2014) where the author raises questions about the relationship between authorship, attribution and Collins & Evans' concept of contributory and interactional expertise. We then highlight recent empirical work in the sociology of climate change science that has made similar points in order to clarify how authorship, division of labour and contribution are handled in real scientific settings. Despite this, Goddiksen's critique of both contributory and interactional expertise is ultimately ineffective because it rests on a misguided attempt to de-socialise these concepts. We conclude by stressing the importance of collective tacit knowledge acquisition through immersion as a critical step in becoming a full-blown contributory or interactional expert.     

基于CBR的协同Web搜索模型及应用研究

随着互联网用户的不断增多以及搜索引擎的广泛使用,用户间进行协同Web搜索的行为不断增多,然而目前的主流搜索引擎和Web浏览器均针对用户的单独搜索行为设计,不便于进行协同Web搜索。在回顾相关研究的基础上,通过对Web搜索引擎的发展分析,指出存在两种实现协同Web搜索的方式,提出了一种基于CBR(case-based reasoning)的协同Web搜索模型,并介绍了基于此模型实现的两套协同Web搜索原型系统。