Gas-liquid phase coexistence and finite-size effects in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system

The gas-liquid phase coexistence in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system is investigated using Maxwell construction method together with molecular dynamics simulations.The results of phase coexistence in different truncations of the potential are compared with data obtained from the literature,and the corresponding critical properties calculated.The crossover from Ising-like to mean field behavior is observed and confirmed as the temperature approaches the critical point from below.Performing simulations on systems with different sizes,we find that a finite size effect is more significant than those shown in most of the previous results,and a lower critical temperature is obtained when the full extent of this finite size effect is considered.     

Spatial prisoner’s dilemma games with increasing size of the interaction neighborhood on regular lattices

We studied the evolution of cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game on a square lattice where the size of the interaction neighborhood is considered. Firstly, the effects of noise and the cost-to-benefit ratio on the maintenance of cooperation were investigated. The results indicate that the cooperation frequency depends on the noise and cost-to-benefit ratio: cooperation reaches a climax as noise increases, but it monotonously decreases and even vanishes with the ratio increasing. Furthermore, we investigated how the size of the interaction neighborhood affects the emergence of cooperation in detail. Our study demonstrates that cooperation is remarkably enhanced by an increase in the size of the interaction neighborhood. However, cooperation died out when the size of the interaction neighborhood became too large since the system was similar to the mean-field system. On this basis, a cluster-forming mechanism acting among cooperators was also explored, and it showed that the moderate range of the neighborhood size is beneficial for forming larger cooperative clusters. Finally, large-scale Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to visualize and interpret these phenomena explicitly.     

施工企业索赔创效管理

分析了施工企业做好索赔工作的重要性,提出了索赔创效的一些基本原则和具体方法,并着重强调做好索赔工作的时效性和收集基础资料的重要性.     

边染色9-临界图边数的新下界

针对Vizirtg猜想△为9的情况，运用Discharging差值转移方法研究了9-临界图的边数下界，得到了新结论：m≥10^-36n,改进了已有结果。     

试论吐蕃时期布达拉宫的建筑规模

举世闻名的布达拉宫是西藏的标志性建筑，也是西藏文明的象征。在一千余年的历史发展过程中，布达拉宫的建筑规膜发生了巨大变化。文章试图从吐蕃时期的重要历史事件中提取有关布达拉宫的零星记栽，分析自吐蕃时期布达拉宫建筑规模的变化，为还原布达拉宫的原貌提供一些历史的线索和依据。     

集料尺寸和形状及掺合料对混凝土界面的影响

研究混凝土粗集料与砂浆在宏观尺度上的界面特性,并采用砂浆中的砂粒与粗集料的平均间距(简称界面平均间距)进行表征.结合雅砻江锦屏大坝集料品种,研究了球形和片状2种粗集料形状、2组粗集料尺寸,以及粉煤灰和石灰石粉的2个掺量(10%,20%)对界面平均间距的影响.结果表明,采用界面区砂粒与粗集料的平均间距能较好地反映界面区的宏观离析和均质性,测量使用也较简便.对于球形集料,大、小集料上方与下方的界面平均间距无显著差异,表明界面较均匀,离析不明显;而对于片状集料,随着尺寸增大,上、下方的界面平均间距的差异增大,表明大的片状集料下方产生了明显的离析.研究结果还表明,采用粉煤灰或石灰石粉部分等质量取代水泥,可以改善片状集料下方浆体的离析.     

考虑大宗交易的均值-方差投资组合优化模型及其分支定界算法

由于大宗交易下边际交易费用递减,因此用线性加凹的函数拟合实际交易费用函数, 建立了均值-方差框架下的组合优化模型并给出了相应的求解算法.通过对恒生指数样本股的实证分析发现:考虑大宗交易的组合有效边缘介于线性交易费用和无交易费用的组合有效边缘之间; 大宗交易稀释了“分散化降低风险”的效应; 大宗交易下交易费用越大, 相对于线性交易费用而言组合集中度越高.     

Interspecific differences in early life‐history traits in crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies,Caudata, Salamandridae) from the Balkan Peninsula

We studied intraspecific and interspecific variations of early life‐history traits for four crested newt species with different habitat preferences. Although we found considerable variation in size and growth rate between offspring of conspecific females, the species effect appeared to be much more pronounced. The crested newt species we examined differed in egg size, size of larvae at hatching and growth rate. Triturus dobrogicus appeared to be the outlier species among these species, and showed (1) the smallest egg size, (2) the smallest larval size at hatching and (3) the longest larval period, resulting in the largest metamorphosed juveniles.     

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: introduction and family Papilionidae

This article marks the beginning of a short series on the butterfly fauna of Mount Kilimanjaro. It commences with a brief overview of the topography, tectonic history, climate, ecological zonation and conservation significance of Africa's highest mountain. Following an introductory account to the butterfly fauna, the rest of this paper presents an annotated checklist of the swallowtails (Papilionidae). Eight papilionid species are currently believed to occur within the main forest zone, from 1800 to 2800 m (in places this zone extends down to c.1600 m). Another 10 have been recorded from the lower slopes, which include some disturbed forest and forest relicts, from 700–1800 m. The need for better data is discussed in light of the suggestion that the butterflies of Mount Kilimanjaro could become a focal group for monitoring effects of climate change. An identification key to families, together with a key to the swallowtail species and colour illustrations of adults, are included as online Supplementary Information.     

The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation,taxonomy versus trophic ecology

Cave shrimps of the subgenus Troglocaris (Atyidae), exhibit high variability in rostral length and dentition. In shrimp populations that co-occur with the amphibian predator Proteus anguinus, longer rostra armed with more numerous teeth are recorded. These shrimps are also larger than those living in a presumably Proteus-free environment. Discrepancies between molecularly established phylogenetic relationships and distributions of rostral length, as well as body size, directed our search towards possible environmental influences. These discrepancies suggest that rostral shape is not a reliable taxonomic character in some generic and many specific diagnoses in Atyidae. We discuss some taxonomic consequences of sexual and ontogenetic rostral differences with regard to the molecular phylogenetic tree. In preliminary laboratory observations, no frontal attack by Proteus was successful on shrimps with long rostra. Proteus also needed more time to swallow shrimps with long rostra.