全文获取类型
| 收费全文 | 6770篇 |
| 免费 | 525篇 |
| 国内免费 | 469篇 |
专业分类
| 系统科学 | 1752篇 |
| 丛书文集 | 190篇 |
| 教育与普及 | 23篇 |
| 理论与方法论 | 32篇 |
| 现状及发展 | 60篇 |
| 综合类 | 5703篇 |
| 自然研究 | 4篇 |
出版年
| 2025年 | 7篇 |
| 2024年 | 42篇 |
| 2023年 | 56篇 |
| 2022年 | 65篇 |
| 2021年 | 83篇 |
| 2020年 | 62篇 |
| 2019年 | 82篇 |
| 2018年 | 73篇 |
| 2017年 | 69篇 |
| 2016年 | 96篇 |
| 2015年 | 135篇 |
| 2014年 | 216篇 |
| 2013年 | 189篇 |
| 2012年 | 278篇 |
| 2011年 | 375篇 |
| 2010年 | 273篇 |
| 2009年 | 363篇 |
| 2008年 | 384篇 |
| 2007年 | 487篇 |
| 2006年 | 402篇 |
| 2005年 | 354篇 |
| 2004年 | 361篇 |
| 2003年 | 322篇 |
| 2002年 | 244篇 |
| 2001年 | 247篇 |
| 2000年 | 250篇 |
| 1999年 | 280篇 |
| 1998年 | 248篇 |
| 1997年 | 220篇 |
| 1996年 | 205篇 |
| 1995年 | 195篇 |
| 1994年 | 165篇 |
| 1993年 | 180篇 |
| 1992年 | 178篇 |
| 1991年 | 125篇 |
| 1990年 | 111篇 |
| 1989年 | 118篇 |
| 1988年 | 110篇 |
| 1987年 | 67篇 |
| 1986年 | 34篇 |
| 1985年 | 11篇 |
| 1984年 | 1篇 |
| 1983年 | 1篇 |
排序方式： 共有7764条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
One of the sections of the the 47th Conference of the International Society for the System Sciences (ISSS) in Crete was dedicated to the methodology and applications of Team Syntegrity (TS). TS is a methodology to make the discourse of large groups effective, which is particularly useful in the context of conversations about the future. This contribution is centred on a Team Syntegrity event in which members of the conference initiated a dialogue on the future of ISSS. The paper provides a report and a reflection about that event, and an outlook on how to embark on an ongoing discourse about that vital concern of the Society. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
112.
【目的】应用不同数据源分析不同林冠层中探测提取树高的异同,探索适用于中国北方天然次生林树高估测的方法。【方法】以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场中林施业区0.25 hm2样地为研究区域,基于无人机激光雷达(unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning, ULS)、地基激光雷达(terrestrial laser scanning,TLS)和Vertex IV超声测高仪实测单木树高,根据冠层高度分布(canopy height distribution, CHD)对林冠层进行分层,对不同林冠层(上层和下层)、不同树木类型(针叶树和阔叶树)探测提取的树高进行对比与分析。【结果】由CHD计算得到的冠层分层阈值为8.5 m。树高的离群值大多产生在林冠上层,阔叶树比针叶树更容易产生离群值,ULS比TLS更容易产生离群值。在林冠上层,ULS比TLS估测树高的相对均方根误差(rRMSE)低2.56%,ULS提取针叶树树高的rRMSE比阔叶树低2.68%;在林冠下层,ULS仅能探测到少量树木,ULS比TLS探测提取树高的 rRMSE高6.31%,TLS提取针叶树树高的rRMSE比阔叶树低1.16%。【结论】针叶树的树高估测精度普遍高于阔叶树;当TLS和ULS均能对单木进行完全扫描时,具有准确提取树高的潜力;树高离群值多由冠型不规则或相互交叉的阔叶树产生,而大部分针叶树,由于具有规则的冠型,所以产生的离群值较少;基于CHD对林冠层进行划分能够较好地反映不同数据源估测树高的适用范围,具有一定的推广意义。 相似文献
113.
114.
This paper is the first to introduce critical systems thinking into the present study of knowledge and its management. Our preliminary study showed two things about critical systems thinking. First, it provides comprehensive and creative insight into tackling the increasing complexity of human knowledge and knowledge management processes through the organic connection and division of knowledge systems. Second, it encourages the critical use of available methodologies in a coherent way to cope with corresponding subsystems or processes, which breaks down the complexity into convenient units. Based on critical systems thinking, we divided knowledge into two aspects: static substance knowledge and dynamic process knowledge. This division not only provides a concise theoretical framework but also allows knowledge managers and workers to clearly understand the gravity of their work and to selectively utilize well‐established methodologies in the practice of knowledge‐related activities. This paper serves as an introduction to an application of critical system thinking and total systems intervention in diversified human knowledge topics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
115.
赵国宏 《科技导报(北京)》2019,37(13):6-13
分析了作战管理的概念内涵、主要特征及其与相关概念的相互关系,提出了作战管理系统发展历程的一种划分方法,介绍了典型的作战管理系统。通过阐述作战管理系统的发展动因和需求、设计相关体系结构,梳理了力量管理、资源管理、行动管理、战场管理、知识管理、能量管理、运维管理等概念、原理、方法和手段,论述了发展作战管理系统的主要关键技术。 相似文献
116.
企业战略研究方法论的综合集成与创新——概念框架与初步的理论假设 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
杨建梅 《系统工程理论与实践》2001,21(12):6-10
基于系统概念与系统方法论的新进展 :系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及“全面系统干预”,提出了对企业战略各学派的研究方法论 (简称企业战略研究方法论 )综合集成与创新的总思路、概念框架及初步的理论假设 ,以克服企业战略研究方法论在实践中遇到的困难. 相似文献
117.
K. Unnikrishnan Nair 《Systems Research and Behavioral Science》2001,18(6):505-521
A brief survey of organizational learning literature shows that understanding of how organizations learn has proceeded along two streams: one based on progress function or learning/experience curve effect, and the other as a process facilitating organizational adaptation and growth, and development and sustenance of competitiveness. This latter stream presents three phases of evolution: initially it considered learning as adaptation through search and problem solving, followed by attempts at conceptualization of learning as an organization‐wide, holistic phenomenon, and finally focusing on development of systems, processes, training tools, capabilities, etc., for building learning organizations. Learning is now understood as the development of organizational generative capabilities with a wide response range. The article identifies that the understanding of organizational learning from learning as adaptation to information processing and knowledge creation systems capable of generating a wide range of response patterns exhibits an underlying link of increasing complexity. This in turn holds an interesting correspondence to Boulding's hierarchy of systems. The article discusses the implications of this correspondence for research and practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
118.
Joseph Germana 《Systems Research and Behavioral Science》2001,18(6):565-567
Simple arithmetic and diagrammatic representations of ‘emergent properties’—a most fundamental postulate of classical systems theory—are offered for their didactic value. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
119.
Dante P. Martinelli 《Systems Research and Behavioral Science》2001,18(1):69-81
In this paper, 18 systems taxonomies/hierarchies are presented and commented upon, from Boulding's ‘system of systems’ (1956) to Glasl and Lievegoed's ‘seven essential elements of any organization’ (1993). A 19th is proposed, which aims at displaying a number of clear‐cut levels sufficient to correspond to the succeeding levels of an enterprise problematique, each new type of interactions defining a new level. The 19 schemes are classified into two groups, ‘General’ and ‘Managerial’, mainly according to their immediate applicability to management. Each group was split into two subgroups, respectively stressing complexity, system–milieu interactions, decision levels and, finally, intrasystem and system environment interactions. A comparative analysis of the whole set is summarized, converging towards three hierarchies seen as more adequate: Beer's, Jantsch's and the one proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
120.
转轨经济中财政与金融政策的动力学模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对转轨经济中由政府与企业和个人所组成的经济系统 ,建立了一类关于货币政策与财政政策和税收政策为政策工具的货币经济动力学模型 ,阐明了转轨经济不景气情形下各种政策工具的作用和效果. 相似文献