The epistemology of hedged laws

Standard objections to the notion of a hedged, or ceteris paribus, law of nature usually boil down to the claim that such laws would be either (1) irredeemably vague, (2) untestable, (3) vacuous, (4) false, or a combination thereof. Using epidemiological studies in nutrition science as an example, I show that this is not true of the hedged law-like generalizations derived from data models used to interpret large and varied sets of empirical observations. Although it may be ‘in principle impossible’ to construct models that explicitly identify all potential causal interferers with the relevant generalization, the view that our failure to do so is fatal to the very notion of a cp-law is plausible only if one illicitly infers metaphysical impossibility from epistemic impossibility. I close with the suggestion that a model-theoretic approach to cp-laws poses a problem for recent attempts to formulate a Mill–Ramsey–Lewis theory of cp-laws.     

论系统工程方法（论）由“硬”变“软”的内在根由

本文通过对系统工程领域具有代表性的三种方法（论）演变过程的梳理,总结出他们共同的变化特点：研究对象（应用范围）越来越复杂化,相应的所采用的系统工程方法（论）也越趋“软化”,即：改变了原来只一味追求用数学方法进行定量分析的理路,转而,注重定性的研究或定性与定量相结合的研究理路;最后,文章从哲学的层面探讨该变化的内在根由。     

地理学本体论、认识论与方法论

本文以简述地理学的研究历史和现状作为引入，总结出地理学研究的软肋在于，缺乏从哲学层面上对地理学本体论、认识论和方法论进行深入思考。之后再界定地理学本体论、认识论和方法论的概念，在此基础上总结历史乃至当今时代所出现的主要哲学思潮、存在的哲学新动向，并提取其中能为地理学所采用的认识论、方法论。最后本章认为，复杂性理论将成为地理学研究新的、强有力的理论工具。     

思想政治工作的程序和方法

思想政治工作是一门科学。人的思想发展变化是具有一定规律的,思想政治工作也必须遵循这一规律采用一定的程序和方法。这种程序一般由思想信息的收集、加工、处理、反馈四个环节所组成;而疏导、激励、吸引等是实现思想政治工作科学化的有效的方法和手段。     

Overcoming Challenges in Writing About Action Research—The Promise of the Development Story

There is great demand for articles and books describing what action researchers do but little methodological literature available explaining how researchers can go about writing such articles and books. This constitutes a serious challenge as writing high quality scientific texts is crucial for researchers to learn about and improve their practice. This paper addresses that challenge and offers a ‘recipe’ for writing, the development story, which aims to help action researchers reflect deeply on their empirical observations and convert these into concise and meaningful texts. The main purpose is to examine how using the development story as a support tool for writing impacts on engaged researchers’ field practice. We assess the value of the development story by using it to analyse and present an organizational development project in four Norwegian industrial service firms. We conclude that the development story can help instigating valuable reflection on the various roles researchers play out in the field, thereby helping them improve future practice. There is a need for more literature about analysis and writing adapted to the specific challenges of action research.     

批判实在论对社会科学方法论贡献探析

本文从本体论、认识论和方法三个方面探析了批判实在论对社会科学方法论的贡献。它把社会实在的基本特征概括为分层与超验性、突现性和社会结构的能动转化性三个方面。在此基础上它探讨了“认识谬误”的实质、根源和后果,从知识论、因果关系解释论和科学研究程序等方面阐述一种新的认识论。其方法贡献主要集中在回溯法、水平与垂直因果关系解释法和社会行动转化模型三个方面。它批判了在社会科学方法论中实证主义与解释主义的两极张力,从五个方面克服它们各自的二分法缺陷。批判实在论方兴未艾,面对学术界的一些质疑,还有许多问题有待于进一步研究。     

论莱布尼茨百科全书思想式调和折中主义方法论的起源

文艺复兴人文主义,经院哲学和近代机械论哲学构成十七世纪的欧洲的三股主流思想。伴随民族国家兴起,地方语言也逐渐流行,三十年战争和德意志启蒙运动的特点构成了莱布尼茨的方法论形成的社会背景。基督教卡巴拉主义,斯多葛主义、新柏拉图主义和德国的黑伯恩百科全书派对于莱布尼茨的百科全书式调和折中主义的方法论产生了重要的影响。     

天然有机化学研究中的科学方法论

本文就天然有机化学研究中的一些科学方法论向题从三个方面进行探讨。首先,课题的选择是研究工作中极为关键的一步,它直接影响到研究工作的成败,应予以足够的重视。其次,在天然有机化学研究中往往涉及到分子结构分析的问题,因而理性思维方法也很重要。再者,模型是天然有机化学理论建立的基础,它有利于人们对事物本质的了解,可加速研究工作的进展,亦应予以注意。     

Status and Perspectives of Process Systems Engineering

The definitions, methodology, applications, and perspectives of process systems engineering are discussed from a strategic point of view. The focal points in future development of process systems engineering are to break through in methodology, to expand application fields, and to develop a new generation of process simulation systems.     

狄尔泰诠释学的体验概念探析

狄尔泰诠释学的体验概念和生命概念紧紧联系在一起,体验是生命的存在方式,反过来又在规定着生命。体验概念首先是一个存在论的范畴,意义是它的实质和界定根据。体验具有关联性、直接当下性和主客不分性等诸多特性。正因为如此,体验最有资格成为精神科学研究的真正对象和首要入口。狄尔泰提出体验概念又具有明显的认识论动机和方法论意图,所以体验概念是一个集存在论、认识论和方法论性质于一身的范畴。由于体验概念明显地凝聚了以往诠释学的心理学倾向和个体性色彩,当代西方诠释学真理与方法的紧张关系在这里已经存在,而正是这种紧张关系为狄尔泰进一步提出与体验紧密相关的理解和再体验概念埋下了伏笔。