植物造园和城市生态系统

<正>城市生态系统中诸因素是相互联系、影响和制约的。植物在改善城市生态系统中有着特殊的作用,这种作用是其他物质难以替代的。随着科学文化的发展,人们利用植物作为改善城市生态系统的重要途径。自古至今,人们对造园的出发点,经游憩、观赏为主的历了从以阶段,发展到今天以改善城市生态系统为主的、融观赏、游憩于良好生态环境中的阶段。     

基于我国国情的虚拟生态工业园发展及前景分析

虚拟生态工业园是基于生态工业原理发展起来的,是实现可持续发展的途径之一,也是在超越实体生态工业园的基础上形成的新型组织形式;本文介绍了虚拟生态工业园的特点及在我国的发展概况,并分析了当前中国国内工业布局、土地资源现状下适合国情的生态工业园体系建设。     

The impact of biofuel plantation on biodiversity: a review

Because plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organisms, biomass production as an energy source can help to reduce the world＇s reliance on fossil energy and mitigate global warming. Biofuel production is a fast-growing industry that represents a new type of large-scale human disturbance on ecosystems. Thus, the benefits of biofuel production bring environmental risks that include its potential impact on biodiversity, which is still an open question. In this review, we start first with a brief overview of the evolution of biofuel concept; second, we review the state of biofuel production across the continents, with a major emphasis on the main species used and their major feedstock. For which, we found significant differences for land use and environmental cultural management of biofuel plantation between tropical and temperate regions. Third, we summarize the impacts of biofuel plantation on biodiversity at multiple scales, based on the case studied with respect to the corresponding issues. At the genetic level, introgression and contamination by aggressive genotypes are a primary risk. At the species level, habitat pollution, degradation, and disturbance caused by intensive management of biofuel plantation significantly raise the risk of habitat fragmentation, native extinction, and bio-invasion. At the ecosystem level, the large-scale homogeneous landscape of biofuel plantation results in simplified community and food web that severely damage ecosystem services, including ecosystem diversity. Finally, we compare the current and potential benefits and risks of biofuel plantations for the practical application of a biofuel industry of China. We emphasize the land use constraint from food security and biodiversity conservation, and the need for scientific research and systematic monitoring as a critical support for the sustainable development of biofuel production in China.     

基于生态系统服务的川南经济区生态网络构建

为有利于提高区域生态系统服务功能,为形成高质量发展的国土空间格,本研究以川南经济区为研究范围,采用生态系统服务评估结果提取生态源地,采用可能连接度指数评价源地重要性程度,再采用MCR模型识别潜在廊道和生态节点,得到川南经济区生态网络总体格局.结果显示：（1）区域生态系统服务功能具有明显的空间异质性,识别出生态极重要区6133.50 km2;（2）结合生态功能重要性和景观结构重要性,共选取27块生态源地,占研究区面积的12.97%;（3）识别潜在生态廊道57条,生态节点21个,生态断裂点24个.针对网络重点要素提出了优化建议,构建了“一核五心,一带多廊”网络格局.     

太旧沿线植被分布规律及其生态系统交错区特征的研究

本文用样方方法调查了太旧沿线的植物群落,与1986年的植被资料进行对比,分析总结了该区植被的种类组成、区系成分、群落结构、分布规律,将沿线植被划分为18个群系5个植被型,并就本区所处黄土高原生态系统和华北平原生态系统交界区的特殊位置及其生态学特点作了理论上的研究,为太旧沿线发展大农业、生态农业及其本区植物资源保护和开发,实现经济持续增长提供有益的参考。     

江西省森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

在探讨森林生态系统服务功能的基础上，运用生态经济学方法，根据1998年江西省国土资源遥感调查资料，对江西省森林生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评估。结果表明，全省森林系统服务功能总价值平均每年为1177．53亿元，其中涵养水源的价值为585．66亿元，净化环境功能的价值为458．14亿元，保持土壤减少侵蚀的价值为121．95亿元。     

转基因植物对土壤生态系统的影响

随着转基因植物的大面积商业化种植,其对土壤生态系统造成的影响日益引起人们的关注。本文综述了转基因植物对土壤中动物、微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,并且对转基因植物对土壤生态系统的影响进行了展望,以期为转基因植物对土壤环境的生态风险性评价提供参考。     

寡聚糖在畜禽生产中的应用

本文综述寡聚糖作为一种新型添加剂在畜禽生产中的发展历史、运用种类,对动物微生态区系的影响,以及在生产实践中的作用效果。     

Mass-balance ecosystem model of the East China Sea

Using the Ecopath mass-balance trophodynamic model, this paper analyzed the trophic levels, flows, food web structure and ecosystem maturity of the East China Sea, and identified ecologically important functional groups in the ecosystem. The model is based on fishery resource surveys of the East China Sea in 2000, studies on diet composition and global databases such as FishBase and the Sea Around Us Project Database. The results showed that trophic levels of the functional groups are between 2.86 and 4.37, with an average of 3.32. Anchocy (Engraulis japonicus), small fishes and benthic crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs are important groups in terms of the trophic structure and flow dynamics in the East China Sea. Energy flows of most groups are between specific trophic levels, except file fish (Thamnaconus spp.), pomfret (Pampus spp.) and cephalopods. Trophic transfer efficiency of levels II, III, IV and more than V are 11.8%, 21.1%, 17.4% and 22.1–22.5%, respectively. Effects of fishery – the largest ‘consumer’ of the ecosystem – are much stronger than those exerted by biological groups in the system. The model suggests that the current fishery can further reduce the complexity of the ecosystem. Evaluations of the system indices suggest that maturity of the ecosystem is low. The conclusion of this model indicates that it was the overfishing that caused the ecosystem of the East China Sea declined, which should be taken into account as a critical reference for fisheries management in the future.     

江西大岗山森林生态系统水源涵养功能及其时空分布格局

根据大岗山1999年、2004年2次森林资源二类调查数据和大岗山森林生态站定位观测数据,采用区域水量平衡法和土壤蓄水功能评估了该地区的森林水源涵养功能及其时空分布格局。结果表明:2004年的大岗山森林水源涵养量为1401.10×104m3.a-1,单位面积水源涵养量为5913.81 m3.a-1hm2;1999年~2004年,大岗山森林生态系统年水源涵养量提高了3.9%,单位面积水源涵养量提高了2.9%;森林生态系统年水源涵养量竹林最高,马尾松林最低,其贡献率分别为37.8%和1.8%,单位面积水源涵养量硬叶林最高,杉木林最低;高丘和位于中坡位的森林水源涵养功能的贡献率最高,低山和山谷的贡献率最低;陡坡的水源涵养功能的贡献率最高,缓坡的贡献率最小,中龄林的水源涵养功能的贡献率最大,过熟林的贡献率最小。