New genera and new generic synonymy in Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

New generic synonymy in the world fauna of Scolytidae includes: Acanthotomicus Blandford ( = Isophthorus Schedl), Acrantus Broun ( = Chaetophorous Fuchs, Chaetoptelius Fuchs), Cosmoderes Eichhoff ( = Erioschidias Schedl), Ernoporicus Berger ( = Ernopocerus Balachowsky), Ernoporus Thomson ( = Euptilius Schedl), Hylurdrectonus Schedl ( = Xylogopinus Schedl), Ozopemon Hagedorn ( Dryocoetiops Schedl), Scolytogenes Eichhoff ( = Cryphalomorphus Schaufuss). Stephanopodius Schedl ( = Cryphalomimetes Browne), and Xylechinus Chapuis ( = Squamasinulus Nunberg). Genera new to science and their type-species include: Anaxyleborus ( Tomicus truncatus Erichson), Apoxyleborus ( Xyleborus mancus Blandford), Cryphalogenes ( Cryphalogenes euphorbiae Wood), Ernocladius ( Cryphalus corpulentus Sampson), Hadrodemius ( Xyleborus globus Blandford), Leptoxyleborus ( Phloeotrogus sordicauda Motschulsky), Microperus ( Xyleborus theae Eggers), Taphrodasus ( Xyleborus percorthylus Schedl), and Taurodemus ( Xyleborus sharpi Blandford). The new name Hylurdrectonus corticinus is presented to replace H. araucariae (Schedl 1972). Dryocoetes coffeae Eggers is transferred to Eulepiops. The following genera are treated in a revised context: Crytogenius, Dryocoetes, Eulepiops, Ernoporicus, Ernoporus, Xyleborus, and Xylechinus. Cryphalogenes euphorbiae and C. exiguus (Sri Lanka) are named as new to science.     

Nomenclatural changes in Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera)

New synonymy in Scolytidae includes Cryphalus piceae (Ratzeburg, 1837) (= Cryphalus subdepressus Eggers, 1940), Gnathotrupes longiusculus (Schedl, 1951) (= Gnathotrupes ciliatus Schedl, 1975), Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood (= Stephanoderes communis Schaufuss, 1891). In Platypodidae the new name Platypus abruptifer is proposed as a replacement for the junior homonym Platypus abruptus Browne, 1986; type-species designations are proposed for the genus group names Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966, Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966, Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966, Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966, Asetus Nunberg, 1958, Stenoplatypus Strohmeyer, 1914, Platypinus Schedl, 1939, Platyscapus Schedl, 1939, Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1939, Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; previously unpublished specific synonymy is presented for Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire, 1849) (= Diapus talurae Stebbing, 1906), Crossotarsus terminatus Chapuis, 1865 (= Crossotarsus nicobaricus Beeson, 1937), Platypus abditus Schedl, 1936 (= Platypus transitus Schedl, 1978), Platypus rugosifrons Schedl, 1933 (= Platypus pretiosus Schedl, 1961), Platypus tiriosensis Reichardt, 1965 (= Platypus schedli Wood, 1966), Treptoplatypus multiporus Schedl, 1968 (= Playtpus fastuosus Schedl, 1969).     

New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part IV

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} New synonymy is proposed as follows: Pityophthorus Eichhoff ( = Pityophthoroides Blackman), Scolytodes Ferrari ( = Ctenophorus Chapuis), Araptus pallidus (Blackman), n. comb. (? = Neodryocoetes portoricensis Schedl, Neodryocoetes devius Schedl), Corthylus letzneri (Ferrari) ( = Corthylus strigilatus Eggers, Corthylus columbianus Schedl, Corthylus ater Schedl), Corthylus spinifer Schwarz ( = Corthylus guayanensis Eggers), Hypothenemus brunneus (Hopkins) ( = Hypothenemus cryphalomorphus Schedl, Stephanoderes bituberculatus Eggers), Monarthrum parvum (Eggers) ( = Monarthrum praeclarum Wood), Phloeoborus punctatorugosus Chapuis ( = Phloeoborus breviusculus Chapuis), Phloeotribus pilula Erichson ( = Phloeotribus australis Schedl), Phloeotribus setulosus Eichhoff ( Phloeotribus dubius Eichhoff, Phloeotribus spinipennis Eggers), Pityophthorus, pulicarius (Zimmermann) ( = Pityophthorus cubensis Schedl), Pityophthorus subsimilis Schedl ( = Pityophthorus subimpressus Bright), Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff ( = Premnobius latior Eggers), Scolytus propiguus Blandford ( = Scolytus penicillus Schedl), Xyleborus dryographus (Ratzeburg) ( = Xyleborus linearis Schedl), Xyleborus horridus Eichhoff ( = Xyleborus flohri Schedl). Xyleborus tonsus (Hagedom), n. comb., was transferred to Xyleborus from Dryocoetes. Pityophthorus aquilus Blackman and Pityophthorus cascoensis Blackman, n. status, were removed from synonymy. Scolytodes chapuisi, n. n., is proposed for Scolytodes ( = Ctenophorus ) laevigatus Chapuis, 1869 (nec Ferrari 1867). The following species are named as new to science: Araptus crassus (Panama), A. obesus (Brazil), Cnesinus prominulus (Mexico), Conophthorus conicolens (Mexico), Microcorthylus vicinus (Mexico), Pityophthorus alnicolens (Mexico), P. assitus (Mexico), P. concinnus (Mexico), P. indigens (Colorado), P. leechi (California), P. solatus (Mexico), P. speciosus (Mexico), Pseudopityophthorus denticulus (Texas), Pseudothysanoes securus (Mexico), P. turnbowi (Texas), Pycnarthrum fulgidum (Colombia), Scolytodes fulmineus (Venezuela), S. radiatus (Costa Rica), Xyleborinus tribuloides (Mexico), Xyleborus devexus (Florida, Puerto Rico), and X. laticeps (Venezuela).     

Introduced and exported American Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

Fourteen North, Central, and South American Scolytidae have reached areas outside of America, namely Hawaii (5), Australia (3), Southeast Asia (2), Africa (7), Europe (1), and worldwide (1). The 44 species introduced into North and Central America have originated in South America (10), Southeast Asia (15), Africa (14), or Europe (7). Four North and Central American species have extended their ranges into new territory within this region. Most of the species that breed in the bole or roots of their host were imported more than a half century ago; those imported since 1950 breed mostly in seeds, pods, dry fruits, or small branches. Forty - five of the 62 species apparently can reproduce by means of facultative arrhenotokic parthenogenesis.     

New synonymy and new species of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part II

New synonymy is proposed as follows: Pityophthorus Eichhoff ( = Gnathophorus Schedl, Gnathophthorus Wood), Araptus confinis (Blandford) ( = Neopityophthorus glabricollis Schedl), A. eruditus (Schedl) ( = Neodryocoetes buscki Blackman), A. hymenaeae (Eggers) ( = Neodryocoetes humilis Blackman), A. schedli (Blackman) ( = Neodryocoetes lenis Blackman), A. tenellus (Schedl) ( = Ctenyophthorus mexicanus Schedl, Neodryocoetes granulatus Schedl, Araptus cuspidus Wood), Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hornung) ( = Coccotrypes liberiensis Hopkins, Coccotrypes punctatulus Eggers), C. dactyliperda (Fabricius) ( = Coccotrypes bassiavorus Hopkins), C. robustus Eichhoff ( = Coccotrypes cylindricus Schedl), Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn) ( = Cryptocarenus caraibicus Eggers), Hypothenemus setosus (Eichhoff) ( = Stephanoderes congonus Hagedorn). Microcorthylus minutus Schedl ( = Microcorthylus minutissimus Schedl), Pseudopityophthorus limbatus Eggers ( = Pseudopityophthorus micans Wood), Xyleborus obliquus (LeConte) ( = Xyleborus gilvipes Blandford, X. brasiliensis Eggers, illepidus Schedl). Hypothenemus javanus Eggers is a valid species. The genus Dacnophthorus, type - species Gnathophthorus clematus Wood, is described as new to science. The following species are described as new to science: Araptus consobrinus, A. micaceus, Pityophthorus explicitus, and P. inceptis (Mexico), P. costatus and P. mendosus (Costa Rica), P. degener and P. timidulus (Panama), P. amiculus (Mexico, Costa Rica), and P. dissolutus (Costa Rica, Panama), Xyleborus californicus (California), X. incultus, X. molestulus (Panama), and tristiculus (Brazil).       

Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height

Most common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits, but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P?相似文献   

The deubiquitinase USP9X suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a lethal malignancy despite much progress concerning its molecular characterization. PDA tumours harbour four signature somatic mutations in addition to numerous lower frequency genetic events of uncertain significance. Here we use Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal preneoplasia to identify genes that cooperate with oncogenic Kras(G12D) to accelerate tumorigenesis and promote progression. Our screen revealed new candidate genes for PDA and confirmed the importance of many genes and pathways previously implicated in human PDA. The most commonly mutated gene was the X-linked deubiquitinase Usp9x, which was inactivated in over 50% of the tumours. Although previous work had attributed a pro-survival role to USP9X in human neoplasia, we found instead that loss of Usp9x enhances transformation and protects pancreatic cancer cells from anoikis. Clinically, low USP9X protein and messenger RNA expression in PDA correlates with poor survival after surgery, and USP9X levels are inversely associated with metastatic burden in advanced disease. Furthermore, chromatin modulation with trichostatin A or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine elevates USP9X expression in human PDA cell lines, indicating a clinical approach for certain patients. The conditional deletion of Usp9x cooperated with Kras(G12D) to accelerate pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice, validating their genetic interaction. We propose that USP9X is a major tumour suppressor gene with prognostic and therapeutic relevance in PDA.     

Urea excretion as a strategy for survival in a fish living in a very alkaline environment

Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates. It can be converted to the less toxic urea, but this is a metabolically expensive process found only in terrestrial vertebrates that cannot readily excrete ammonia and marine fish that use urea as an osmotic filler. Freshwater fish mostly excrete ammonia with only a small quantity of urea. It seems the ornithine cycle for urea production has been suppressed in all freshwater teleosts except for some airbreathers which, when exposed to air, increase urea synthesis via the cycle. Here we show that the tilapia fish Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, the only fish living in Lake Magadi, an alkaline soda lake (pH = 9.6-10) in the Kenyan Rift Valley, excretes exclusively urea and has ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in its liver. A closely related species that lives in water at pH 7.1 lacks these enzymes and excretes mainly ammonia with small amounts of urea produced via uricolysis. It dies within 60 min when placed in water from Lake Magadi. We suggest that urea production via the ornithine-urea cycle permits O. a. grahami to survive the very alkaline conditions in Lake Magadi.     

gamma-Aminobutyric acid uptake by rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles

Brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from rat kidney cortex possessed two uptake systems for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a high affinity system (Km = 10.9 microM) and a low affinity system (Km = 1203 microM). Both uptake systems were inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid and ouabain, and by the action of neuraminidase, whereas the GABA analogs nipecotic acid, beta-alanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[4,5 c]-pyridin-3-ol had no effect on the GABA uptake activity. The BBMV uptake systems were clearly different from the GABA transport systems present in brain tissue.     

A monoclonal antibody defining antigenic determinants on subpopulations of mammalian neurones and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites

An IgM lambda class monoclonal antibody raised against membranes from rat dorsal root ganglia defines a novel antigenic determinant expressed by subpopulations of mammalian central and peripheral neurones. In the presence of complement the antibody is cytotoxic to mammalian neurones in vitro. The same antibody labels Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan responsible for Chagas' disease. Classes of mammalian neurones and cardiac muscle that are labelled by the antibody are known to degenerate in Chagas' disease. The common neuronal and trypanosomal antigens recognized by the antibody may therefore be important in pathogenic events underlying this disorder.