首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
  示例: 沙坡头地区,人工植被区,变化  检索词用空格隔开表示必须包含全部检索词,用“,”隔开表示只需满足任一检索词即可!
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   11887篇
  免费   51篇
  国内免费   41篇
系统科学   60篇
丛书文集   272篇
教育与普及   41篇
理论与方法论   63篇
现状及发展   5310篇
研究方法   563篇
综合类   5463篇
自然研究   207篇
  2013年   106篇
  2012年   196篇
  2011年   414篇
  2010年   90篇
  2008年   225篇
  2007年   242篇
  2006年   238篇
  2005年   279篇
  2004年   236篇
  2003年   235篇
  2002年   239篇
  2001年   287篇
  2000年   298篇
  1999年   194篇
  1992年   177篇
  1991年   150篇
  1990年   156篇
  1989年   158篇
  1988年   168篇
  1987年   157篇
  1986年   169篇
  1985年   233篇
  1984年   145篇
  1983年   140篇
  1982年   100篇
  1981年   116篇
  1980年   153篇
  1979年   377篇
  1978年   283篇
  1977年   305篇
  1976年   220篇
  1975年   220篇
  1974年   340篇
  1973年   278篇
  1972年   300篇
  1971年   308篇
  1970年   418篇
  1969年   364篇
  1968年   365篇
  1967年   334篇
  1966年   292篇
  1965年   213篇
  1959年   117篇
  1958年   211篇
  1957年   169篇
  1956年   160篇
  1955年   132篇
  1954年   132篇
  1953年   70篇
  1948年   104篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
121.
Molecular cloning of lymphadenopathy-associated virus   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) is a human retrovirus first isolated from a homosexual patient with lymphadenopathy syndrome, frequently a prodrome or a benign form of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other LAV isolates have subsequently been recovered from patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS and all available data are consistent with the virus being the causative agent of AIDS. The virus is propagated on activated T lymphocytes and has a tropism for the T-cell subset OKT4 (ref. 6), in which it induces a cytopathic effect. The major core protein of LAV is antigenically unrelated to other known retroviral antigens. LAV-like viruses have more recently been independently isolated from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. These viruses, called human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type III (HTLV-III) and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), seem to have many characteristics in common with LAV and probably represent independent isolates of the LAV prototype. We have sought to characterize LAV by the molecular cloning of its genome. A cloned LAV complementary DNA was used to screen a library of recombinant phages constructed from the genomic DNA of LAV-infected T lymphocytes. Two families of clones were characterized which differ in a restriction site. The viral genome is longer than any other human retroviral genome (9.1-9.2 kilobases).  相似文献   
122.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by opportunistic infections and by 'opportunistic neoplasms' (for example, Kaposi's sarcoma). Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) is epidemiologically associated with AIDS, especially in male homosexuals. A subset of T lymphocytes positive for the CD4 antigen (also termed T4 antigen), is depleted in AIDS and PGL patients. A retrovirus found in T-cell cultures from these patients is strongly implicated in the aetiology of AIDS because of the high frequency of isolation and the prevalence of specific antibodies in the patients. Here we have detected cell-surface receptors for the AIDS retrovirus (human T-cell leukaemia virus-III (HTLV-III) and lymphadenopathy-associated virus-1 (LAV-1) isolates) by testing the susceptibility of cells to infection with pseudotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus bearing retroviral envelope antigens, and by the formation of multinucleated syncytia on mixing virus-producing cells with receptor-bearing cells. Receptors were present only on cells expressing CD4 antigen; among 155 monoclonal antibodies tested, each of the 14 anti-CD4 antibodies inhibited formation of syncytia and blocked pseudotypes. Productive infection of CD4+ cells with HTLV-III or LAV-1 markedly reduced cell-surface expression of CD4. In contrast, receptors for HTLV-I and HTLV-II were not restricted to CD4+ cells, were not blocked by anti-CD4 antibodies; cells productively infected with HTLV-I and HTLV-II expressed surface CD4. Hence, we conclude that the CD4 antigen is an essential and specific component of the receptor for the causative agent of AIDS.  相似文献   
123.
Protective immune responses against the asexual stages of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, are most probably directed against exposed antigenic determinants on the surface of the free merozoite or the infected red blood cell, and therefore antigens in these locations are candidates for testing as components of a defined molecular vaccine. To facilitate the search for such antigens, we recently developed a method for the expression of P. falciparum proteins in Escherichia coli as fused polypeptides. Many clones producing antigens were detected by screening with immune human sera. We show here that antibodies against the fused polypeptide expressed by one such clone react with a P. falciparum protein that is synthesized late in schizogony and is later present on the surface of the ring-infected erythrocyte. The protein is composed of repeating subunits of 8, 4 and 3 amino acids and is present in all isolates of P. falciparum examined.  相似文献   
124.
R W Scott  T F Vogt  M E Croke  S M Tilghman 《Nature》1984,310(5978):562-567
To identify cis-acting DNA elements involved in the activation of the alpha-fetoprotein gene during differentiation, modified copies of the gene were introduced into murine F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiation of the transformants to either parietal or visceral endoderm was accompanied by induction of the exogenous template in a manner qualitatively, but not quantitatively, identical to that of the endogenous alpha-fetoprotein gene.  相似文献   
125.
F Eckenstein  R W Baughman 《Nature》1984,309(5964):153-155
The existence of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies in mammalian cerebral cortex was long the subject of much controversy (see ref. 1 for review). Recently, however, a specific cholinergic marker, the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, E.C.2.3.1.6), was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods to be present in bipolar neurones in rat cortex. Here we show that at least 80% of these intrinsic cholinergic neurones also contain immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuroactive peptide found to be present in a subpopulation of cortical neurones. On the other hand, we find that the ChAT-positive cells in the basal forebrain, which are another major source of cholinergic innervation of the cortex, contain no detectable VIP-immunoreactivity. In addition, we have observed by both light and electron microscopy that some VIP- and some ChAT-positive structures in cortex are closely associated with blood vessels.  相似文献   
126.
Bodmer WF 《Nature》1979,277(5697):509-510
  相似文献   
127.
J F Fiekers  I G Marshall  R L Parsons 《Nature》1979,281(5733):680-682
Antibiotic-induced muscle paralysis has frequently been found in both experimental animals and man with three distinct classes of antibiotic: (1) streptomycin and related aminoglycoside compounds, (2) polymyxins and (3) tetracyclines. Recently lincomycin and its chemical congener, clindamycin, have been reported to produce muscle paralysis which has different characteristics from those seen with other classes of antibiotic. Although closely related in chemical structure, lincomycin and clindamycin also seem to produce muscle paralysis by different mechanisms. Clindamycin is considered to exert a direct depressant action on muscle contractility whereas the action of lincomycin is considered to be primarily a depression of neuromuscular transmission. We report here that each of these antibiotics had a significant but different influence on endplate channel behaviour. Clindamycin increased the rate of miniature endplate current (m.e.p.c.) decay and reduced its voltage sensitivity without altering its exponential nature. Lincomycin split m.e.p.c. decay into an initial rapid phase followed by a prolonged phase.  相似文献   
128.
Early pregnancy factor is immunosuppressive.   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
F P Noonan  W J Halliday  H Morton  G J Clunie 《Nature》1979,278(5705):649-651
  相似文献   
129.
D A Morrison  M F Baker 《Nature》1979,282(5735):215-217
In bacterial genetic transformation the uptake of DNA and its integration into the resident chromosome is dependent on a special cellular state, termed competence. In those species where appearance of competence has been studied, specific (but often poorly defined) growth conditions lead to a simultaneous development of competence in a substantial fraction of the cells in a culture. In Bacillus subtilis, and in Haemophilus species, competence appears in the stationary phase of growth or in certain other growth-limiting conditions. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is perhaps unusual in that virtually all cells of a culture become competent, for a short period at a specific cell density during logarithmic growth, without perturbing the growth rate. The synchronous appearance of competence in pneumococcal cultures results from an autocatalytic effect of a small protein released by the cells that induces competence. The response to competence factor has been shown to require protein synthesis. We report here additional information on the nature of competence in pneumococcus: pulse-labelling studies show that for the brief period of competence protein synthesis is restricted to a few specific polypeptides.  相似文献   
130.
Structure of the human fetal globin gene locus.   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
We have derived a 'map' of restriction enzyme sites in and around the human gamma-globin genes. This has enabled us to show that there are two gamma-globin genes per haploid set, that the genes contain 'introns' within the same regions of DNA as the human beta and delta-globin genes, and that the genes are 3,500 base pairs apart. We conclude that the correct gene organisation of the human beta-like globin locus is GgammaAgammadeltabeta.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号