A Pluto-like radius and a high albedo for the dwarf planet Eris from an occultation

The dwarf planet Eris is a trans-Neptunian object with an orbital eccentricity of 0.44, an inclination of 44 degrees and a surface composition very similar to that of Pluto. It resides at present at 95.7 astronomical units (1?AU is the Earth-Sun distance) from Earth, near its aphelion and more than three times farther than Pluto. Owing to this great distance, measuring its size or detecting a putative atmosphere is difficult. Here we report the observation of a multi-chord stellar occultation by Eris on 6 November 2010 UT. The event is consistent with a spherical shape for Eris, with radius 1,163?±?6?kilometres, density 2.52?±?0.05 grams per cm(3) and a high visible geometric albedo, Pv = 0.96(+0.09)(-0.04). No nitrogen, argon or methane atmospheres are detected with surface pressure larger than ～1?nanobar, about 10,000 times more tenuous than Pluto's present atmosphere. As Pluto's radius is estimated to be between 1,150 and 1,200 kilometres, Eris appears as a Pluto twin, with a bright surface possibly caused by a collapsed atmosphere, owing to its cold environment. We anticipate that this atmosphere may periodically sublimate as Eris approaches its perihelion, at 37.8 astronomical units from the Sun.     

Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation

Atmospheric aerosols exert an important influence on climate through their effects on stratiform cloud albedo and lifetime and the invigoration of convective storms. Model calculations suggest that almost half of the global cloud condensation nuclei in the atmospheric boundary layer may originate from the nucleation of aerosols from trace condensable vapours, although the sensitivity of the number of cloud condensation nuclei to changes of nucleation rate may be small. Despite extensive research, fundamental questions remain about the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles and the mechanisms responsible, including the roles of galactic cosmic rays and other chemical species such as ammonia. Here we present the first results from the CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find that atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios of 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles more than 100-1,000-fold. Time-resolved molecular measurements reveal that nucleation proceeds by a base-stabilization mechanism involving the stepwise accretion of ammonia molecules. Ions increase the nucleation rate by an additional factor of between two and more than ten at ground-level galactic-cosmic-ray intensities, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion-pair production rate. We find that ion-induced binary nucleation of H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O can occur in the mid-troposphere but is negligible in the boundary layer. However, even with the large enhancements in rate due to ammonia and ions, atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary-layer nucleation.     

飞龙掌血水提物的扩血管作用及原理初探

飞龙掌血的水提物飞龙一号(F01)给小鼠腹腔注射,其 LD_(50)=3.70g/kg。F01(80mg/kg)对麻醉 S.D.大鼠有明显降血压作用,伴有心率加快。该作用无快速耐受性,且不被 H_1及 H_2组胺受体、M 胆碱受体及β肾上腺素受体之阻断剂取消。对于离体 S.D.大鼠尾动脉螺旋条,F01(0.3至3mg/ml)可使由 KCl(60mmol/L)、NE(0.1μmol/L)或 AVP(0.01μmol/L)刺激而收缩的组织明显舒张。KCI(80mmol/L)增加血管平滑肌组织对钙的撮取,这可以通过测定组织中未被镧置换的低亲和力同位素~(45)Ca 的含量来确定。F01(0.06至4mg/ml)可显著降低这种钙摄取的增加。上述结果表明,F01具有直接扩张血管作用,此种作用与抑制钙内流有关。     

民办二级学院实行助学贷款的现状及对策

随着高等教育收费制度改革力度的加大，家庭经济困难的学生化比例日增，特别是在浙江省的民办二级学院中，这一现象更为明显。国家助学贷款政策的出台，有效地解决了部分经济困难家庭孩子上大学的问题。但由于宁波科技学院2001年才实施这项利国利民的政策，并且在实际实施过程中有一定难度。为此文章针对民办二级学院中实施国家助学贷款的现状进行了分析研究，提出了相应对策，力求把助学贷款工作做得更好。     

拓扑向量空间多目标规划锥有效解的广义最优性充分条件

在拓朴向量空间中，引进映射的几个锥广义凸概念，对于目标映射约束映射为Gateaux可导的情况，建立了拓朴向量空间多目标规划问题锥有效解和锥弱有效解在锥广义凸条件下的几个最优性充分条件。     

Windows 2000环境下的一种SCSI冗余路径驱动程序

为提高存储系统的可用性 ,在 Windows2 0 0 0系统中实现了SCSI冗余路径驱动程序 RDP。在路径发生故障时由 RDP将 I/ O切换到其他路径。通过将 I/ O负载均衡分布在各 SCSI路径 ,能增加系统 I/ O处理能力     

钢纤维高强混凝土中钢筋粘结强度试验研究

混凝土结构的非线性分析日益受到工程界的重视 ,而钢筋与混凝土的粘结 -滑移关系对分析结果的正确性有着重要影响 ,为此 ,必须获得实际的数值模型或数学关系。为了全面系统地研究体外预应力高强混凝土连续梁的结构行为 ,本文结合高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目 ,就高强混凝土、钢纤维高强混凝土与钢筋的粘结 -滑移性能开展实验研究。本文主要叙述了在课题中使用的钢筋、钢绞线与所使用的高强混凝土和钢纤维高强混凝土之间的粘结强度的试验研究成果     

论纤维绒消能原理及应用前景

从爆炸冲击波压应力式σ =(L×ω)和冲击波t2 在入射纤维绒介质中的传播应力式σ =f× (ρ×C×E×ω×ν)分析发现纤维绒棉板具有消能减压作用。纤维绒棉板如果与金属或非金属材料复合成一定的结构 ,将大大减少该结构板背后受空气中或地面上的炸药或核炸弹发生的爆炸冲击波的压力。这一原理有利于建在复合纤维绒板后面或前面的地面、地下、水工和军工等建筑物的抗爆消能安全     

Effect of actinomycin D on Trypanosoma cruzi

Viable metacyclic forms of T. cruzi, Y strain, treated with an adequate dose of actinomycin D (50 micrograms Act-D/ml/10(7) parasites/ml for 72 h at 28 degrees C) showed the following properties: 1) they lost their ability to replicate in culture medium, in blood and in tissues of normal mice and were no longer able to incorporate tritiated thymidine; 2) they could not penetrate into Vero cells and could not replicate inside normal macrophages; 3) they retained their immunogenicity and the ability to protect mice against a virulent infection; 4) they did not induce histological lesions as described in chronic experimental Chagas' disease.