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91.
92.
The recycling of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) from the cell surface via the endocytic pathways plays a key role in the generation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in Alzheimer disease. We report here that inherited variants in the SORL1 neuronal sorting receptor are associated with late-onset Alzheimer disease. These variants, which occur in at least two different clusters of intronic sequences within the SORL1 gene (also known as LR11 or SORLA) may regulate tissue-specific expression of SORL1. We also show that SORL1 directs trafficking of APP into recycling pathways and that when SORL1 is underexpressed, APP is sorted into Abeta-generating compartments. These data suggest that inherited or acquired changes in SORL1 expression or function are mechanistically involved in causing Alzheimer disease.  相似文献   
93.
The bacterial genus Bartonella comprises 21 pathogens causing characteristic intraerythrocytic infections. Bartonella bacilliformis is a severe pathogen representing an ancestral lineage, whereas the other species are benign pathogens that evolved by radial speciation. Here, we have used comparative and functional genomics to infer pathogenicity genes specific to the radiating lineage, and we suggest that these genes may have facilitated adaptation to the host environment. We determined the complete genome sequence of Bartonella tribocorum by shotgun sequencing and functionally identified 97 pathogenicity genes by signature-tagged mutagenesis. Eighty-one pathogenicity genes belong to the core genome (1,097 genes) of the radiating lineage inferred from genome comparison of B. tribocorum, Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana. Sixty-six pathogenicity genes are present in B. bacilliformis, and one has been lost by deletion. The 14 pathogenicity genes specific for the radiating lineage encode two laterally acquired type IV secretion systems, suggesting that these systems have a role in host adaptability.  相似文献   
94.
95.
Evolutionary conservation in myoblast fusion   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Krauss RS 《Nature genetics》2007,39(6):704-705
  相似文献   
96.
Fungiform taste papillae form a regular array on the dorsal tongue. Taste buds arise from papilla epithelium and, unusually for epithelial derivatives, synapse with neurons, release neurotransmitters and generate receptor and action potentials. Despite the importance of taste as one of our five senses, genetic analyses of taste papilla and bud development are lacking. We demonstrate that Wnt-beta-catenin signaling is activated in developing fungiform placodes and taste bud cells. A dominant stabilizing mutation of epithelial beta-catenin causes massive overproduction of enlarged fungiform papillae and taste buds. Likewise, genetic deletion of epithelial beta-catenin or inhibition of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling by ectopic dickkopf1 (Dkk1) blocks initiation of fungiform papilla morphogenesis. Ectopic papillae are innervated in the stabilizing beta-catenin mutant, whereas ectopic Dkk1 causes absence of lingual epithelial innervation. Thus, Wnt-beta-catenin signaling is critical for fungiform papilla and taste bud development. Altered regulation of this pathway may underlie evolutionary changes in taste papilla patterning.  相似文献   
97.
Information processing along the course of a visual interneuron.   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Locust ocellar retinal cells are innervated by giant second order cells, 2 mm long, which show discrete zones of integration along their course, including a major zone in the axonal length of the neuron. The complex synaptic arrangements which exist between higher-order afferent and efferent cells and these second order cells along their course suggests that transmission takes place by the electrotonic spread of slow potentials. The size and accessibility of these visual interneurons offers a unique preparation for examining mechanisms of graded synaptic transmission.  相似文献   
98.
Ethanol, 3 g/kg i.p., did not significantly alter the acute toxicity of amphetamine in the mouse. However, the urinary metabolite pattern was changed, suggesting that ethanol suppressed metabolism of the stimulant during the initial 6 h period. After 24 h, the mouse metabolized the same fraction of a given dose of amphetamine, whether it was given as amphetamine alone or amphetamine mixed with 2,3 or 4 g/kg ethanol.  相似文献   
99.
Relation between total and exchangeable sodium in the body   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
DAVIES RE  KORNBERG HL  WILSON GM 《Nature》1952,170(4336):979
  相似文献   
100.
为了预防机库火灾严重威胁人们的生命安全,且为火灾疏散研究提供更好的实验平台,本文基于Pathfinder建立大型民用机库的疏散仿真模型,根据真实人体参数设置人员性别、身高、肩宽、移动速度等属性,通过计算机模拟得出人员疏散路径和疏散时间,并参照Pathfinder模拟结果选用Unity3D引擎进行虚拟现实环境搭建、交互设计和Agent模型的构建,开发机库虚拟现实应急疏散仿真系统。在群体疏散模拟子模块中模拟8种不同起火位置的疏散情况,并在单人疏散演练子模块中,邀请10位测试者,在机库虚拟环境中选取6个不同的初始位置,进行了5轮疏散测试,结果表明:虚拟现实环境中的模拟结果与Pathfinder模拟结果接近,验证了虚拟现实疏散仿真系统模拟的有效性;单人疏散演练中测试者经过两到三轮练习,疏散时间明显缩短并趋于稳定,验证虚拟现实疏散演练系统可帮助用户提升应急疏散能力。  相似文献   
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