全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1072篇 |
免费 | 0篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 13篇 |
教育与普及 | 1篇 |
理论与方法论 | 23篇 |
现状及发展 | 372篇 |
研究方法 | 177篇 |
综合类 | 481篇 |
自然研究 | 7篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 5篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 12篇 |
2012年 | 63篇 |
2011年 | 78篇 |
2010年 | 28篇 |
2009年 | 8篇 |
2008年 | 43篇 |
2007年 | 55篇 |
2006年 | 64篇 |
2005年 | 55篇 |
2004年 | 33篇 |
2003年 | 33篇 |
2002年 | 45篇 |
2001年 | 32篇 |
2000年 | 41篇 |
1999年 | 34篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 15篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1971年 | 15篇 |
1970年 | 14篇 |
1969年 | 12篇 |
1968年 | 9篇 |
1967年 | 11篇 |
1966年 | 8篇 |
1964年 | 6篇 |
1956年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有1074条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
171.
On induction of cell differentiation, distinct cell phenotypes are encoded by complex genetic networks. These networks can prevent the reversion of established phenotypes even in the presence of significant fluctuations. Here we explore the key parameters that determine the stability of cellular memory by using the yeast galactose-signalling network as a model system. This network contains multiple nested feedback loops. Of the two positive feedback loops, only the loop mediated by the cytoplasmic signal transducer Gal3p is able to generate two stable expression states with a persistent memory of previous galactose consumption states. The parallel loop mediated by the galactose transporter Gal2p only increases the expression difference between the two states. A negative feedback through the inhibitor Gal80p reduces the strength of the core positive feedback. Despite this, a constitutive increase in the Gal80p concentration tunes the system from having destabilized memory to having persistent memory. A model reveals that fluctuations are trapped more efficiently at higher Gal80p concentrations. Indeed, the rate at which single cells randomly switch back and forth between expression states was reduced. These observations provide a quantitative understanding of the stability and reversibility of cellular differentiation states. 相似文献
172.
Hauber E van Gasselt S Ivanov B Werner S Head JW Neukum G Jaumann R Greeley R Mitchell KL Muller P;HRSC Co-Investigator Team 《Nature》2005,434(7031):356-361
The majority of volcanic products on Mars are thought to be mafic and effusive. Explosive eruptions of basic to ultrabasic chemistry are expected to be common, but evidence for them is rare and mostly confined to very old surface features. Here we present new image and topographic data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera that reveal previously unknown traces of an explosive eruption at 30 degrees N and 149 degrees E on the northwestern flank of the shield volcano Hecates Tholus. The eruption created a large, 10-km-diameter caldera approximately 350 million years ago. We interpret these observations to mean that large-scale explosive volcanism on Mars was not confined to the planet's early evolution. We also show that glacial deposits partly fill the caldera and an adjacent depression. Their age, derived from crater counts, is about 5 to 24 million years. Climate models predict that near-surface ice is not stable at mid-latitudes today, assuming a thermo-dynamic steady state. Therefore, the discovery of very young glacial features at Hecates Tholus suggests recent climate changes. We show that the absolute ages of these very recent glacial deposits correspond very well to a period of increased obliquity of the planet's rotational axis. 相似文献
173.
Evidence from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator
Murray JB Muller JP Neukum G Werner SC van Gasselt S Hauber E Markiewicz WJ Head JW Foing BH Page D Mitchell KL Portyankina G;HRSC Co-Investigator Team 《Nature》2005,434(7031):352-356
It is thought that the Cerberus Fossae fissures on Mars were the source of both lava and water floods two to ten million years ago. Evidence for the resulting lava plains has been identified in eastern Elysium, but seas and lakes from these fissures and previous water flooding events were presumed to have evaporated and sublimed away. Here we present High Resolution Stereo Camera images from the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft that indicate that such lakes may still exist. We infer that the evidence is consistent with a frozen body of water, with surface pack-ice, around 5 degrees north latitude and 150 degrees east longitude in southern Elysium. The frozen lake measures about 800 x 900 km in lateral extent and may be up to 45 metres deep--similar in size and depth to the North Sea. From crater counts, we determined its age to be 5 +/- 2 million years old. If our interpretation is confirmed, this is a place that might preserve evidence of primitive life, if it has ever developed on Mars. 相似文献
174.
Head JW Neukum G Jaumann R Hiesinger H Hauber E Carr M Masson P Foing B Hoffmann H Kreslavsky M Werner S Milkovich S van Gasselt S;HRSC Co-Investigator Team 《Nature》2005,434(7031):346-351
Images from the Mars Express HRSC (High-Resolution Stereo Camera) of debris aprons at the base of massifs in eastern Hellas reveal numerous concentrically ridged lobate and pitted features and related evidence of extremely ice-rich glacier-like viscous flow and sublimation. Together with new evidence for recent ice-rich rock glaciers at the base of the Olympus Mons scarp superposed on larger Late Amazonian debris-covered piedmont glaciers, we interpret these deposits as evidence for geologically recent and recurring glacial activity in tropical and mid-latitude regions of Mars during periods of increased spin-axis obliquity when polar ice was mobilized and redeposited in microenvironments at lower latitudes. The data indicate that abundant residual ice probably remains in these deposits and that these records of geologically recent climate changes are accessible to future automated and human surface exploration. 相似文献
175.
176.
Hillier LW Graves TA Fulton RS Fulton LA Pepin KH Minx P Wagner-McPherson C Layman D Wylie K Sekhon M Becker MC Fewell GA Delehaunty KD Miner TL Nash WE Kremitzki C Oddy L Du H Sun H Bradshaw-Cordum H Ali J Carter J Cordes M Harris A Isak A van Brunt A Nguyen C Du F Courtney L Kalicki J Ozersky P Abbott S Armstrong J Belter EA Caruso L Cedroni M Cotton M Davidson T Desai A Elliott G Erb T Fronick C Gaige T Haakenson W Haglund K Holmes A Harkins R Kim K Kruchowski SS Strong CM Grewal N Goyea E 《Nature》2005,434(7034):724-731
Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. Here we present approximately 237 million base pairs of sequence for chromosome 2, and 186 million base pairs for chromosome 4, representing more than 99.6% of their euchromatic sequences. Our initial analyses have identified 1,346 protein-coding genes and 1,239 pseudogenes on chromosome 2, and 796 protein-coding genes and 778 pseudogenes on chromosome 4. Extensive analyses confirm the underlying construction of the sequence, and expand our understanding of the structure and evolution of mammalian chromosomes, including gene deserts, segmental duplications and highly variant regions. 相似文献
177.
To locate their hosts, parasitic wasps can 'eavesdrop' on the intraspecific chemical communications of their insect hosts. Here we describe an example in which the information exploited by the parasitic wasp Trichogramma brassicae is a butterfly anti-aphrodisiac that is passed from male to female Pieris brassicae butterflies during mating, to render them less attractive to conspecific males. When the tiny wasp detects the odour of a mated female butterfly, it rides on her (Fig. 1) to her egg-laying sites and then parasitizes the freshly laid eggs. If this fascinating strategy is widespread in nature, it could severely constrain the evolution of sexual communication between hosts. 相似文献
178.
The hypothesis that a single mushroom-like mantle plume head can generate a large igneous province within a few million years has been widely accepted. The Siberian Traps at the Permian-Triassic boundary and the Deccan Traps at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary were probably erupted within one million years. These large eruptions have been linked to mass extinctions. But recent geochronological data reveal more than one pulse of major eruptions with diverse magma flux within several flood basalts extending over tens of million years. This observation indicates that the processes leading to large igneous provinces are more complicated than the purely thermal, single-stage plume model suggests. Here we present numerical experiments to demonstrate that the entrainment of a dense eclogite-derived material at the base of the mantle by thermal plumes can develop secondary instabilities due to the interaction between thermal and compositional buoyancy forces. The characteristic timescales of the development of the secondary instabilities and the variation of the plume strength are compatible with the observations. Such a process may contribute to multiple episodes of large igneous provinces. 相似文献
179.
Pascal AA Liu Z Broess K van Oort B van Amerongen H Wang C Horton P Robert B Chang W Ruban A 《Nature》2005,436(7047):134-137
In order to maximize their use of light energy in photosynthesis, plants have molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae, which collect light quanta and deliver them to the reaction centres, where energy conversion into a chemical form takes place. The functioning of the antenna responds to the extreme changes in the intensity of sunlight encountered in nature. In shade, light is efficiently harvested in photosynthesis. However, in full sunlight, much of the energy absorbed is not needed and there are vitally important switches to specific antenna states, which safely dissipate the excess energy as heat. This is essential for plant survival, because it provides protection against the potential photo-damage of the photosynthetic membrane. But whereas the features that establish high photosynthetic efficiency have been highlighted, almost nothing is known about the molecular nature of the dissipative states. Recently, the atomic structure of the major plant light-harvesting antenna protein, LHCII, has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Here we demonstrate that this is the structure of a dissipative state of LHCII. We present a spectroscopic analysis of this crystal form, and identify the specific changes in configuration of its pigment population that give LHCII the intrinsic capability to regulate energy flow. This provides a molecular basis for understanding the control of photosynthetic light-harvesting. 相似文献
180.