全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1107篇 |
免费 | 6篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 15篇 |
丛书文集 | 6篇 |
教育与普及 | 1篇 |
理论与方法论 | 21篇 |
现状及发展 | 369篇 |
研究方法 | 179篇 |
综合类 | 520篇 |
自然研究 | 6篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 10篇 |
2012年 | 59篇 |
2011年 | 79篇 |
2010年 | 27篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 41篇 |
2007年 | 53篇 |
2006年 | 56篇 |
2005年 | 51篇 |
2004年 | 32篇 |
2003年 | 30篇 |
2002年 | 42篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 42篇 |
1999年 | 43篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 16篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1971年 | 15篇 |
1970年 | 15篇 |
1969年 | 12篇 |
1968年 | 9篇 |
1967年 | 11篇 |
1966年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有1117条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Genetics,cytokines and human infectious disease: lessons from weakly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Ottenhoff TH Verreck FA Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG Hoeve MA Sanal O van Dissel JT 《Nature genetics》2002,32(1):97-105
Host genetic factors are important in determining the outcome of infections caused by intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria and salmonellae, but until now have been poorly characterized. Recently, some individuals with severe infections due to otherwise weakly pathogenic mycobacteria (non-tuberculous mycobacteria or Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin) or Salmonella species have been shown to be unable to produce or respond to interferon-gamma. This inability results from mutations in any of five genes encoding essential proteins of the type 1 cytokine cascade: interleukin-12p40, interleukin-12R beta 1, interferon-gamma R1, interferon-gamma R2 or STAT1. Ten syndromes have thus far been identified. Recent insights in genetically controlled host defense and susceptibility to mycobacterial disease are discussed. 相似文献
992.
van Noordwijk AJ 《Nature》2002,416(6882):687-690
993.
According to the dorsoventral axis-inversion theory, protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) are organized upside-down by comparison with deuterostomes (vertebrates), in which case their respective ventrally (belly-side) and dorsally (back-side) located nervous systems, as well as their midline regions, should all be derived from a common ancestor. Here we provide experimental evidence for such homology by showing that an orthologue of hedgehog, an important gene in midline patterning in vertebrates, is expressed along the belly of the larva of the limpet Patella vulgata. This finding supports the existence of a similar mechanism for the development of the midline of the nervous system in protostomes and deuterostomes. 相似文献
994.
Amoretti M Amsler C Bonomi G Bouchta A Bowe P Carraro C Cesar CL Charlton M Collier MJ Doser M Filippini V Fine KS Fontana A Fujiwara MC Funakoshi R Genova P Hangst JS Hayano RS Holzscheiter MH Jørgensen LV Lagomarsino V Landua R Lindelöf D Lodi Rizzini E Macrì M Madsen N Manuzio G Marchesotti M Montagna P Pruys H Regenfus C Riedler P Rochet J Rotondi A Rouleau G Testera G Variola A Watson TL van der Werf DP;ATHENA Collaboration 《Nature》2002,419(6906):456-459
A theoretical underpinning of the standard model of fundamental particles and interactions is CPT invariance, which requires that the laws of physics be invariant under the combined discrete operations of charge conjugation, parity and time reversal. Antimatter, the existence of which was predicted by Dirac, can be used to test the CPT theorem-experimental investigations involving comparisons of particles with antiparticles are numerous. Cold atoms and anti-atoms, such as hydrogen and antihydrogen, could form the basis of a new precise test, as CPT invariance implies that they must have the same spectrum. Observations of antihydrogen in small quantities and at high energies have been reported at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and at Fermilab, but these experiments were not suited to precision comparison measurements. Here we demonstrate the production of antihydrogen atoms at very low energy by mixing trapped antiprotons and positrons in a cryogenic environment. The neutral anti-atoms have been detected directly when they escape the trap and annihilate, producing a characteristic signature in an imaging particle detector. 相似文献
995.
Ptprj is a candidate for the mouse colon-cancer susceptibility locus Scc1 and is frequently deleted in human cancers 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
996.
Genome-wide retroviral insertional tagging of genes involved in cancer in Cdkn2a-deficient mice 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Lund AH Turner G Trubetskoy A Verhoeven E Wientjens E Hulsman D Russell R DePinho RA Lenz J van Lohuizen M 《Nature genetics》2002,32(1):160-165
We have used large-scale insertional mutagenesis to identify functional landmarks relevant to cancer in the recently completed mouse genome sequence. We infected Cdkn2a(-/-) mice with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) to screen for loci that can participate in tumorigenesis in collaboration with loss of the Cdkn2a-encoded tumor suppressors p16INK4a and p19ARF. Insertional mutagenesis by the latent retrovirus was synergistic with loss of Cdkn2a expression, as indicated by a marked acceleration in the development of both myeloid and lymphoid tumors. We isolated 747 unique sequences flanking retroviral integration sites and mapped them against the mouse genome sequence databases from Celera and Ensembl. In addition to 17 insertions targeting gene loci known to be cancer-related, we identified a total of 37 new common insertion sites (CISs), of which 8 encode components of signaling pathways that are involved in cancer. The effectiveness of large-scale insertional mutagenesis in a sensitized genetic background is demonstrated by the preference for activation of MAP kinase signaling, collaborating with Cdkn2a loss in generating the lymphoid and myeloid tumors. Collectively, our results show that large-scale retroviral insertional mutagenesis in genetically predisposed mice is useful both as a system for identifying genes underlying cancer and as a genetic framework for the assignment of such genes to specific oncogenic pathways. 相似文献
997.
Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The state of a two-particle system is said to be entangled when its quantum-mechanical wavefunction cannot be factorized into two single-particle wavefunctions. This leads to one of the strongest counter-intuitive features of quantum mechanics, namely non-locality. Experimental realization of quantum entanglement is relatively easy for photons; a starting photon can spontaneously split into a pair of entangled photons inside a nonlinear crystal. Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon waves--optically excited compressive charge density waves--which tunnel through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process. Our coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating that the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature. Focusing one of the photon beams on its array reduces the quality of the entanglement. The propagation of the surface plasmons makes the array effectively act as a 'which way' detector. 相似文献
998.
Nbs1 is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination in higher vertebrate cells 总被引:33,自引:0,他引:33
Tauchi H Kobayashi J Morishima K van Gent DC Shiraishi T Verkaik NS vanHeems D Ito E Nakamura A Sonoda E Takata M Takeda S Matsuura S Komatsu K 《Nature》2002,420(6911):93-98
Double-strand breaks occur during DNA replication and are also induced by ionizing radiation. There are at least two pathways which can repair such breaks: non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination (HR). Although these pathways are essentially independent of one another, it is possible that the proteins Mre11, Rad50 and Xrs2 are involved in both pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vertebrate cells, little is known about the exact function of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex in the repair of double-strand breaks because Mre11- and Rad50-null mutations are lethal. Here we show that Nbs1 is essential for HR-mediated repair in higher vertebrate cells. The disruption of Nbs1 reduces gene conversion and sister chromatid exchanges, similar to other HR-deficient mutants. In fact, a site-specific double-strand break repair assay showed a notable reduction of HR events following generation of such breaks in Nbs1-disrupted cells. The rare recombinants observed in the Nbs1-disrupted cells were frequently found to have aberrant structures, which possibly arise from unusual crossover events, suggesting that the Nbs1 complex might be required to process recombination intermediates. 相似文献
999.
J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1970,26(5):549-550
Zusammenfassung Mittels Komponentenanalyse wurde die Struktur des sozialen Verhaltens einer in Halb-Gefangenschaft lebenden Gruppe von Schimpansen untersucht. Das Repertoire der 53 allgemeinsten sozialen Verhaltensmuster konnte als Funktion von 5 unabhängigen motivationellen Komponenten beschrieben werden.
The observations at Holloman were carried out under Grant No. AF 61(052)799 of the Holloman Aeromedical Research Lab. 相似文献
The observations at Holloman were carried out under Grant No. AF 61(052)799 of the Holloman Aeromedical Research Lab. 相似文献
1000.