The Canonical Analysis of Distance

Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) is one of the most useful of multivariate methods. It is concerned with separating between and within group variation among N samples from K populations with respect to p measured variables. Mahalanobis distance between the K group means can be represented as points in a (K - 1) dimensional space and approximated in a smaller space, with the variables shown as calibrated biplot axes. Within group variation may also be shown, together with circular confidence regions and other convex prediction regions, which may be used to discriminate new samples. This type of representation extends to what we term Analysis of Distance (AoD), whenever a Euclidean inter-sample distance is defined. Although the N × N distance matrix of the samples, which may be large, is required, eigenvalue calculations are needed only for the much smaller K × K matrix of distances between group centroids. All the ancillary information that is attached to a CVA analysis is available in an AoD analysis. We outline the theory and the R programs we developed to implement AoD by presenting two examples.     

D*算法在柔性输送系统路径规划中的应用研究

针对柔性传输系统(FTS)对于最短路径规划问题的要求,提出将D*算法移植并嵌入到柔性传输机器人模型的控制系统中。简要介绍并分析了D*算法的基本原理,以位置已知、环境相对确定和最低路径代价为约束条件,建立FTS的最优路径规划模型,并进行仿真实验。实验结果表明,D*算法具有较好的避障自适应性能力、较高的柔性和动态响应特性,较之Bug算法、概率路标算法(PRM)和Bellman-Ford算法等,D*算法具有较快的收敛速度和较少的计算量,适合环境相对确定、多品种小批量柔性传输系统。     

基于Lagrangian Gaussian光束的数值方法

给出一种二维非均匀介质波场计算的渐近方法, 该方法基于Lagrangian Gaussian光束(简称LGB)系统的波场数值模拟, 利用任何一个非均匀介质的光束都是独立连续的, 完整的波场即为由所有这些Guassian光束叠加得到的原则构造数值方法, 并用数值结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

Cell-specific ATP7A transport sustains copper-dependent tyrosinase activity in melanosomes

Copper is a cofactor for many cellular enzymes and transporters. It can be loaded onto secreted and endomembrane cuproproteins by translocation from the cytosol into membrane-bound organelles by ATP7A or ATP7B transporters, the genes for which are mutated in the copper imbalance syndromes Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Endomembrane cuproproteins are thought to incorporate copper stably on transit through the trans-Golgi network, in which ATP7A accumulates by dynamic cycling through early endocytic compartments. Here we show that the pigment-cell-specific cuproenzyme tyrosinase acquires copper only transiently and inefficiently within the trans-Golgi network of mouse melanocytes. To catalyse melanin synthesis, tyrosinase is subsequently reloaded with copper within specialized organelles called melanosomes. Copper is supplied to melanosomes by ATP7A, a cohort of which localizes to melanosomes in a biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1)-dependent manner. These results indicate that cell-type-specific localization of a metal transporter is required to sustain metallation of an endomembrane cuproenzyme, providing a mechanism for exquisite spatial control of metalloenzyme activity. Moreover, because BLOC-1 subunits are mutated in subtypes of the genetic disease Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, these results also show that defects in copper transporter localization contribute to hypopigmentation, and hence perhaps other systemic defects, in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.     

Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement

Human mathematical competence emerges from two representational systems. Competence in some domains of mathematics, such as calculus, relies on symbolic representations that are unique to humans who have undergone explicit teaching. More basic numerical intuitions are supported by an evolutionarily ancient approximate number system that is shared by adults, infants and non-human animals-these groups can all represent the approximate number of items in visual or auditory arrays without verbally counting, and use this capacity to guide everyday behaviour such as foraging. Despite the widespread nature of the approximate number system both across species and across development, it is not known whether some individuals have a more precise non-verbal 'number sense' than others. Furthermore, the extent to which this system interfaces with the formal, symbolic maths abilities that humans acquire by explicit instruction remains unknown. Here we show that there are large individual differences in the non-verbal approximation abilities of 14-year-old children, and that these individual differences in the present correlate with children's past scores on standardized maths achievement tests, extending all the way back to kindergarten. Moreover, this correlation remains significant when controlling for individual differences in other cognitive and performance factors. Our results show that individual differences in achievement in school mathematics are related to individual differences in the acuity of an evolutionarily ancient, unlearned approximate number sense. Further research will determine whether early differences in number sense acuity affect later maths learning, whether maths education enhances number sense acuity, and the extent to which tertiary factors can affect both.     

一种新型成膜封堵材料的研究及应用

在泥页岩钻井过程中,为了防止钻井液中滤液和固相颗粒对地层的危害,开发了一种新型的成膜封堵材料PF-FPA。利用不同粒级的刚性颗粒、可变型纤维及成膜剂复配,在钻井压差作用下成膜剂能够在近井壁地带、裂缝处快速成膜;刚性粒子和可变型纤维能在裂缝处填充架桥,降低了钻井液滤失量,有效地保护油气层。在实验室内,与国外知名封堵材料FLC2000对比后发现,开发的封堵材料能够达到国际先进水平。现场应用的情况表明,该封堵材料能够良好的与现场钻井液体系配伍,在现场无复杂情况发生,作业安全可靠。     

长直螺线管的等效轴向电流及其磁场

分析了长直螺线管似圆电流的非封闭性 ,进而计算了等效轴向电流及其磁场 .     

High-temperature ultrafast polariton parametric amplification in semiconductor microcavities.

Cavity polaritons, the elementary optical excitations of semiconductor microcavities, may be understood as a superposition of excitons and cavity photons. Owing to their composite nature, these bosonic particles have a distinct optical response, at the same time very fast and highly nonlinear. Very efficient light amplification due to polariton-polariton parametric scattering has recently been reported in semiconductor microcavities at liquid-helium temperatures. Here we demonstrate polariton parametric amplification up to 120 K in GaAlAs-based microcavities and up to 220 K in CdTe-based microcavities. We show that the cut-off temperature for the amplification is ultimately determined by the binding energy of the exciton. A 5-micrometer-thick planar microcavity can amplify a weak light pulse more than 5,000 times. The effective gain coefficient of an equivalent homogeneous medium would be 107 cm-1. The subpicosecond duration and high efficiency of the amplification could be exploited for high-repetition all-optical microscopic switches and amplifiers. 105 polaritons occupy the same quantum state during the amplification, realizing a dynamical condensate of strongly interacting bosons which can be studied at high temperature.     

用探地雷达技术探测堤坝的隐患

探地雷达技术是根据电磁波在不同介质中传播特性不同的原理工作的,具有快捷、无损、连续测量和经济等优点,是目前病险库调查、坝体及截渗体隐患探测的良好手段。文章结合水库大坝隐患的探地雷达探测实例,介绍了用探地雷达技术探测涵洞形状及埋深、跌窝形态及发展趋势、截渗体形态及完整性的方法和成果,提出了土坝中电磁波波速的取值范围及选用天线的频率与探测深度、分辨率的相互关系,并揭示了土坝中不同隐患的雷达波特征。     

Windows、Windows NT和UNIX的多任务功能比较

介绍了Windows、WindowsNT和UNIX在产生时间、支持对象和功能上的差异 ,阐述了三者实现多任务功能的本质区别