Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Point mutations and deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate in a variety of tissues during ageing in humans, monkeys and rodents. These mutations are unevenly distributed and can accumulate clonally in certain cells, causing a mosaic pattern of respiratory chain deficiency in tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle and brain. In terms of the ageing process, their possible causative effects have been intensely debated because of their low abundance and purely correlative connection with ageing. We have now addressed this question experimentally by creating homozygous knock-in mice that express a proof-reading-deficient version of PolgA, the nucleus-encoded catalytic subunit of mtDNA polymerase. Here we show that the knock-in mice develop an mtDNA mutator phenotype with a threefold to fivefold increase in the levels of point mutations, as well as increased amounts of deleted mtDNA. This increase in somatic mtDNA mutations is associated with reduced lifespan and premature onset of ageing-related phenotypes such as weight loss, reduced subcutaneous fat, alopecia (hair loss), kyphosis (curvature of the spine), osteoporosis, anaemia, reduced fertility and heart enlargement. Our results thus provide a causative link between mtDNA mutations and ageing phenotypes in mammals.     

反舰导弹捕捉目标概率算法模型

讨论了反舰导弹末制导雷达捕捉目标的物理过程和条件,据此,采用统计理论,建立了反舰导弹末制导雷达对目标捕捉概率的数学模型;分析了与传统算法的差别和影响捕捉概率的参数,为工程技术人员提供了一套实用算法.     

The origin of diversity: studying the evolution of multi-faceted CD8<Superscript>+</Superscript> T cell responses

During the past two decades of research in T cell biology, an increasing number of distinct T cell subsets arising during the transition from naïve to antigen-experienced T cells have been identified. Recently, it has been appreciated that, in different experimental settings, distinct T cell subsets can be generated in parallel within the same immune response. While signals driving a single “lineage” path of T cell differentiation are becoming increasingly clear, it remains largely enigmatic how the phenotypic and functional diversification creating a multi-faceted T cell response is achieved. Here, we review current literature indicating that diversification is a stable trait of CD8⁺ T cell responses. We showcase novel technologies providing deeper insights into the process of diversification among the descendants of individual T cells, and introduce two models that emphasize either intrinsic noise or extrinsic signals as driving forces behind the diversification of single cell-derived T cell progeny populations in vivo.     

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a commonly occurring chronic skin disease with high heritability. Apart from filaggrin (FLG), the genes influencing atopic dermatitis are largely unknown. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 5,606 affected individuals and 20,565 controls from 16 population-based cohorts and then examined the ten most strongly associated new susceptibility loci in an additional 5,419 affected individuals and 19,833 controls from 14 studies. Three SNPs reached genome-wide significance in the discovery and replication cohorts combined, including rs479844 upstream of OVOL1 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.88, P = 1.1 × 10(-13)) and rs2164983 near ACTL9 (OR = 1.16, P = 7.1 × 10(-9)), both of which are near genes that have been implicated in epidermal proliferation and differentiation, as well as rs2897442 in KIF3A within the cytokine cluster at 5q31.1 (OR = 1.11, P = 3.8 × 10(-8)). We also replicated association with the FLG locus and with two recently identified association signals at 11q13.5 (rs7927894; P = 0.008) and 20q13.33 (rs6010620; P = 0.002). Our results underline the importance of both epidermal barrier function and immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.     

Mechanisms for exporting large-sized cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum

Cargo proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus are typically transported in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles of 60–90 nm diameter. Several cargo molecules including collagens and chylomicrons form structures that are too large to be accommodated by these vesicles, but their secretion still requires COPII proteins. Here, we first review recent progress on large cargo secretions derived especially from animal models and human diseases, which indicate the importance of COPII proteins. We then discuss the recent isolation of specialized factors that modulate the process of COPII-dependent cargo formation to facilitate the exit of large-sized cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on these findings, we propose a model that describes the importance of the GTPase cycle for secretion of oversized cargoes. Next, we summarize reports that describe the structures of COPII proteins and how these results provide insight into the mechanism of assembly of the large cargo carriers. Finally, we discuss what issues remain to be solved in the future.     

红外焦平面器件非均匀性校正数字实现

红外焦平面阵列(infraredfocalplanearrays,IRFPA)成像是当今红外成像技术发展的主流方向,但IRF PA特有的非均匀性严重地限制了系统的成像质量,因此对红外焦平面阵列器件的非均匀性实施有效的校正是其应用中必须解决的一项关键技术。在阐述非均匀性校正算法原理的基础上,着重论述了一种基于TMS320C55XDSP的非均匀性校正算法的实时实现技术,给出了实测结果,验证了该技术的有效性和工程实用性。     

像素级多分辨图像融合技术概述

多分辨率图像融合算法是目前常用的图像融合方法,可分为多分辨金字塔融合算法和基于小波变换的融合算法。详细介绍了各类金字塔的演变过程、构成方法和融合规则,并分析了各自的优缺点;还论述了基于小波变换的多分辨率图像融合方法,包括离散小波变换图像融合方法、小波树图像融合方法和小波标架图像融合方法。最后,对这两类融合算法作了比较,证明了该算法比其它方法具有更好的性质。     

核壳结构Bi/WO_x复合粉体材料的可控合成

以α-Bi2O3和WO3为原料,采用高能球磨法制备核壳结构Bi/WOx复合粉体材料.当添加0.1 mL无水乙醇,球磨15h时,得到的产物纯度较高,粒径分布为50¹20nm.通过XRD分析可知,所得Bi/WOx复合粉体材料为非晶态氧化钨包裹六方相晶态Bi的核壳结构,其中Bi晶核尺寸约为20120nm.通过XRD分析可知,所得Bi/WOx复合粉体材料为非晶态氧化钨包裹六方相晶态Bi的核壳结构,其中Bi晶核尺寸约为20⁹0nm,壳层厚度约为30nm.     

极简主义视域下石材茶盘的产品设计

从极简主义视域看，市场上的石材茶盘多以传统雕刻为主题，将功能叠加、工艺难度作为价值体现，不符合年轻人的现代审美观。可通过对称、平衡、留白、虚实、对比等手法探索最纯粹的简约形态；选用色彩单纯的石材，利用其本身的色彩、纹理、质感体现产品细节；洞悉使用者的需求及使用逻辑，根据不同场景，精炼功能，以形态语义传递使用逻辑；提高材料及生产的标准化程度，采用数字化生产加工方式，提升生产效率，设计出满足年轻人需求的，造型简约化、色彩单纯化、功能纯粹化、材料及工艺标准化的极简主义风格的石材茶盘，以促进茶文化与现代生活接轨，实现茶文化的可持续发展。     

高职图书馆动态自测系统设想

通过高职院校图书馆协同管理项目调查研究发现,各高职图书馆的建设水平、服务项目、服务成效参差不齐,差距很大。作者提出高职图书馆动态自测系统设想,旨在通过建立定量、定性参数,特别是三分之二以上的定性参数的设置,为高职图书馆提供适时的横向、纵向的参照与比较。