Radiation hybrid map of the mouse genome.

Radiation hybrid (RH) maps are a useful tool for genome analysis, providing a direct method for localizing genes and anchoring physical maps and genomic sequence along chromosomes. The construction of a comprehensive RH map for the human genome has resulted in gene maps reflecting the location of more than 30,000 human genes. Here we report the first comprehensive RH map of the mouse genome. The map contains 2,486 loci screened against an RH panel of 93 cell lines. Most loci (93%) are simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) taken from the mouse genetic map, thereby providing direct integration between these two key maps. We performed RH mapping by a new and efficient approach in which we replaced traditional gel- or hybridization-based assays by a homogeneous 5'-nuclease assays involving a single common probe for all genetic markers. The map provides essentially complete connectivity and coverage across the genome, and good resolution for ordering loci, with 1 centiRay (cR) corresponding to an average of approximately 100 kb. The RH map, together with an accompanying World-Wide Web server, makes it possible for any investigator to rapidly localize sequences in the mouse genome. Together with the previously constructed genetic map and a YAC-based physical map reported in a companion paper, the fundamental maps required for mouse genomics are now available.     

崩解剂羧甲基淀粉的固相合成及性能

对崩解剂羧甲基淀粉（CMS）固相合成方法进行了研究，筛选了固相合成CMS用催化剂，合成了医药用崩解剂羧甲基淀粉，考察了碱和一氯乙酸用量对CMS取供度（DS）的影响及DS和CMS中游离羧基和成盐羧基比（H／Na）对崩解剂吸水溶胀性能的影响。实验表明，该合成方法与溶液相比，节约了有机溶剂，降低了生产成本，提高了产品质量和收率。     

The Janus kinase family of protein tyrosine kinases and their role in signaling

In the early 1990s, the search for protein kinases led to the discovery of a novel family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, the Janus kinases or JAKs. These proteins were unusual because they contained two kinase homology domains and no other known signaling modules. It soon became clear that these were not ‘just another’ type of kinase. Their ability to complement mutant cells insensitive to interferons and to be activated by a variety of cytokines demonstrated their central signaling function. Now, as we approach the end of the decade, it is evident from biochemical studies to knockout mice that JAKs play non-redundant functions in development, differentiation, and host defense mechanisms. Here, recent progress is reviewed, with particular emphasis on structure-function studies aimed at revealing how this family of tyrosine kinases is regulated.     

热预处理对细胞分裂效率的影响

以发酵酵母为研究对象，采用超声波空蚀和高压均质方法对细胞进行机械细胞分裂，研究了热预处理对微生物细胞分裂效率的作用。结果表明：酵母悬浮液的温度经热预处理从室温（22±1）℃上升到40-50℃时，达到相同程度的细胞分裂效率所需的能量降低了；当酵母悬浮液的温度经热预处理上升到50℃时，蛋白质浓度达到最大值，蛋白质发生变质的热预处理温度≥52℃。     

A radiation hybrid map of the rat genome containing 5,255 markers.

A whole-genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel was used to construct a high-resolution map of the rat genome based on microsatellite and gene markers. These include 3,019 new microsatellite markers described here for the first time and 1,714 microsatellite markers with known genetic locations, allowing comparison and integration of maps from different sources. A robust RH framework map containing 1,030 positions ordered with odds of at least 1,000:1 has been defined as a tool for mapping these markers, and for future RH mapping in the rat. More than 500 genes which have been mapped in mouse and/or human were localized with respect to the rat RH framework, allowing the construction of detailed rat-mouse and rat-human comparative maps and illustrating the power of the RH approach for comparative mapping.     

锌冶炼中酸浸渣的锌铅分离

研究了含亮铅锌矿经沸腾炉焙烧的挥发氧化物酸浸处理的浸渣的锌、铅分离，使用添加剂ＬＨＹ后，常压下用硫酸浸取，在实验条件下，锌的浸取率达９８％以上，而铅仍以硫酸铅的形式留在浸渣中，从而有效地将锌、铅分离，而其中稀有元素铟的浸出率也较高。     

Mutations in a gene encoding a new oxygen-regulated photoreceptor protein cause dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

The autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP) locus, designated RP1, has been mapped through linkage studies to a 4-cM interval at 8q11-13. Here we describe a new photoreceptor-specific gene that maps in this interval and whose expression is modulated by retinal oxygen levels in vivo. This gene consists of at least 4 exons that encode a predicted protein of 2,156 amino acids. A nonsense mutation at codon 677 of this gene is present in approximately 3% of cases of dominant RP in North America. We also detected two deletion mutations that cause frameshifts and introduce premature termination codons in three other families with dominant RP. Our data suggest that mutations in this gene cause dominant RP, and that the encoded protein has an important but unknown role in photoreceptor biology.     

Structure and assembly of the 20S proteasome

The barrel-shaped 20S proteasome is one of the two components of a larger 26S particle, the multicatalytic 2000-kDa protease complex. The proteolytic sites are located in the inner chamber of the 20S particle and are only accessible via narrow entrances. This paper reviews the current knowledge concerning proteasome formation, proteolytic activities, structural aspects and assembly. Eukaryotic proteasomes are made up by four rings each of which contains seven different subunits occurring at fixed positions. While the outer rings contain α-type subunits, the inner ones comprise β-type subunits. The current assembly model for eukaryotic 20S proteasomes is based upon the detection of 13S and 16S intermediates, respectively, in addition to previous findings with archaebacterial and eubacterial proteasome assembly. The available data suggest a cooperative assembly of the α-type and β-type subunits into half proteasome-like complexes followed by dimerization into proteasomes. During or after dimerization of half proteasomes, the β-type subunits are processed. The prosequence of the β-type subunits is essential for the assembly process and prevents protease activity of immature proteasomes.     

Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy

This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.