我国化学化工领域毕业生及学位授予情况的调研与分析

本文基于对我国化学化工领域2006-2010年间本科生、硕士研究生和博士研究生培养情况的调研数据,分析了不同学位层次毕业生数量变化趋势、毕业生在各学科门类及培养单位的分布情况,进而讨论了我国化学化工领域学生培养的结构特点及人才队伍趋势.     

Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts

The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.     

Sensitivity to antitubulin chemotherapeutics is regulated by MCL1 and FBW7

Microtubules have pivotal roles in fundamental cellular processes and are targets of antitubulin chemotherapeutics. Microtubule-targeted agents such as Taxol and vincristine are prescribed widely for various malignancies, including ovarian and breast adenocarcinomas, non-small-cell lung cancer, leukaemias and lymphomas. These agents arrest cells in mitosis and subsequently induce cell death through poorly defined mechanisms. The strategies that resistant tumour cells use to evade death induced by antitubulin agents are also unclear. Here we show that the pro-survival protein MCL1 (ref. 3) is a crucial regulator of apoptosis triggered by antitubulin chemotherapeutics. During mitotic arrest, MCL1 protein levels decline markedly, through a post-translational mechanism, potentiating cell death. Phosphorylation of MCL1 directs its interaction with the tumour-suppressor protein FBW7, which is the substrate-binding component of a ubiquitin ligase complex. The polyubiquitylation of MCL1 then targets it for proteasomal degradation. The degradation of MCL1 was blocked in patient-derived tumour cells that lacked FBW7 or had loss-of-function mutations in FBW7, conferring resistance to antitubulin agents and promoting chemotherapeutic-induced polyploidy. Additionally, primary tumour samples were enriched for FBW7 inactivation and elevated MCL1 levels, underscoring the prominent roles of these proteins in oncogenesis. Our findings suggest that profiling the FBW7 and MCL1 status of tumours, in terms of protein levels, messenger RNA levels and genetic status, could be useful to predict the response of patients to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.     

Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials

The potential for increased drought frequency and severity linked to anthropogenic climate change in the semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States (US) is a serious concern. Multi-year droughts during the instrumental period and decadal-length droughts of the past two millennia were shorter and climatically different from the future permanent, 'dust-bowl-like' megadrought conditions, lasting decades to a century, that are predicted as a consequence of warming. So far, it has been unclear whether or not such megadroughts occurred in the southwestern US, and, if so, with what regularity and intensity. Here we show that periods of aridity lasting centuries to millennia occurred in the southwestern US during mid-Pleistocene interglacials. Using molecular palaeotemperature proxies to reconstruct the mean annual temperature (MAT) in mid-Pleistocene lacustrine sediment from the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, we found that the driest conditions occurred during the warmest phases of interglacials, when the MAT was comparable to or higher than the modern MAT. A collapse of drought-tolerant C(4) plant communities during these warm, dry intervals indicates a significant reduction in summer precipitation, possibly in response to a poleward migration of the subtropical dry zone. Three MAT cycles ～2?°C in amplitude occurred within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 and seem to correspond to the muted precessional cycles within this interglacial. In comparison with MIS 11, MIS 13 experienced higher precessional-cycle amplitudes, larger variations in MAT (4-6?°C) and a longer period of extended warmth, suggesting that local insolation variations were important to interglacial climatic variability in the southwestern US. Comparison of the early MIS 11 climate record with the Holocene record shows many similarities and implies that, in the absence of anthropogenic forcing, the region should be entering a cooler and wetter phase.     

蔗渣浆纤维模塑装饰建筑材料的制备与性能

以天然蔗渣浆纤维为原料,利用模塑热压工艺复合成形,得到物理性能优良的纤维模塑装饰建筑材料.借助拉伸性能测试、热重分析、FT-IR等研究了影响该材料力学性能的因素.研究表明:该材料的拉伸性能主要受增强剂和阻燃剂添加量,干燥温度、时间和压力的影响;随着阻燃剂添加量的增加,材料的拉伸性能明显降低;最佳干燥温度为160℃,干燥...     

机器人足球训练中视觉感知与动作执行同步机制

主要研究RoboCup训练中球员视觉感知与动作执行同步的技术.在全面分析RoboCup现有同步方法存在问题的基础上,提出一种动态的视角调整方法,即通过对球员视角宽度的调整控制视觉信息到达的时刻,结合动作指令发送的特殊策略,实现球员向服务器发送指令时机的优化,以达到最佳同步效果.关于球员视角宽度动态切换的实现,具体包括:基于增强视觉检测的视角切换与分类视角动态切换2种方法.对比实验证实了该同步技术的优越性.     

支持地铁车体开发的工程数据库系统

在车体产品数据模块和数据库功能分析的基础上,建立以SQL Server 2000为后台数据库,以Java为W eb Service开发工具的工程数据库系统,完成前台功能化查询、可视化查询和参数化查询的功能设计.数据库内存储所有已建CAD模型和CAE模型的一般信息、分析结果信息及模型指针.该数据库系统管理设计过程、图纸文件、设计结果和分析结果,支持产品的设计变更、审批和发布,实现快速设计信息的检索与查询.实际应用表明,该系统能有效地管理车体开发中的产品数据.     

考虑枢纽失效情形的客运枢纽层级选址模型

基于混合式服务模式,提出了枢纽失效和不完全信息条件下旅客依次访问备选枢纽的服务策略,并建立了有容量限制的可靠性层级选址模型。实例分析结果表明,该选址模型可以增加选址方案的可靠性,降低由于枢纽失效而产生的惩罚费用。模型参数敏感性分析结果表明,对于失效概率过高的枢纽设施网络,仅靠增加枢纽数量已无法提高选址方案的可靠性,而保持较高可靠性的枢纽设施网络在应对可能造成高损失事件时的弹性较高。     

基于MAS的化工过程故障诊断研究(Ⅰ)

提出了一种新的基于多智能体的分布式化工过程故障诊断方法.通过定义化工过程的诊断本体论和功能-行为本体论,系统在提高诊断系统性能的同时,能够显著降低整个系统构造的复杂程度.采用本文给出的化工过程诊断本体论后,整个多智能体故障诊断系统的开发任务从智能体的结构设计转移到对诊断本体论属性的应用上.