深埋公路隧道高地应力场特征分析及岩爆预测

深埋隧道岩体中有较高地应力,在岩石强度较高的围岩处易发生岩爆,影响围岩稳定性。笔架山公路隧道埋深大,为降低其安全建设风险,通过工程区岩样岩体力学实验对围岩性质进行研究,结合地应力资料建立三维有限元地质模型反演隧址区地应力场,最终利用谷-陶岩爆判据和强度应力比岩爆判据对笔架山隧道岩爆状态进行预测。结果表明：隧道工程区内岩体有中等-强烈岩爆倾向;隧道沿线地应力场由自重应力场主导,大多数区段岩体处于极高应力状态,且水平最大主应力与隧道夹角较小,有利于围岩稳定;开挖后沿线围岩最大主应力峰值为63.2 MPa,均发生在断面侧壁,因此在该部位发生岩爆的可能性较大;隧道沿线24%区段有发生岩爆的可能,且以中等-高岩爆活动为主,岩爆预测结果可为隧道开挖施工和灾害防治提供参考。     

助剂种类对Co-Cr系多元催化剂制备碳纳米管的影响

为实现基于现有工业燃烧炉直接生长不同形态的碳纳米管,深入研究催化剂在火焰法制备碳纳米管中的作用机理具有重要的意义。以Co为活性组分、Cr为分散剂,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,研究Fe、Ni、Mo、Zn、Zr、V、W等助剂的添加对催化剂及碳纳米管性质的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪表征合成产物的形貌及含碳量,分析不同助剂对催化剂活性及碳纳米管形态的影响;运用X射线衍射仪、N₂吸附脱附及氢气程序升温还原表征不同催化剂的物理及化学性质,分析助剂对催化剂性质的作用机理。结果表明：添加Fe、V或Mo的催化剂都能够形成大量的簇状碳纳米管,Zn和Zr为助剂时催化剂无法生成碳纳米管;Cr与活性金属形成混合氧化物,作为结构促进剂,起到分散活性金属的作用;助剂通过改变混合氧化物与活性金属氧化物的比例,影响催化剂的活性;Fe、V和Mo的添加使得活性金属氧化物增加,提高了催化剂的还原活性,而适量混合氧化物起到的分散作用有利于形成生长碳纳米管的催化剂颗粒,从而促进碳纳米管簇的形成。     

抗拔桩在抗浮工程中的研究进展

随着城市地下空间的大规模开发,基础埋深不断增大,地下水的浮力也随之加大,易导致施工过程中基坑上浮或影响地下结构正常使用。抗拔桩因施工时对桩周岩土体扰动较小,工艺简单,施工便捷,抗浮效果好等优势,被广泛应用于抗浮工程中。目前,抗拔桩的力学特性、承载能力和变形特征等是现阶段抗拔桩在抗浮工程中的研究热点。主要从抗拔桩的作用机理、常见的破坏形式及极限承载力等方面进行了归纳分析,梳理了抗拔桩在数值模拟方面的研究进展,提出了抗拔桩在抗浮工程中存在的一些问题,并为抗拔桩在地下结构抗浮领域的未来发展提供了新的思路。     

基于系统动力学-云模型的抗浮锚杆系统风险等级评价

随着地下空间不断开发,抗浮工程失效事故发生频率越来越高,因此对抗浮锚杆系统进行风险等级评价十分必要。首先,根据锚固界面力学失效机理对锚固界面子系统进行系统动力学分析,得到锚固界面风险形成路径,进而构建了抗浮锚杆系统风险评价指标体系;其次,以此为基础采用网络层次分析法和熵权法确定指标主、客观权重并通过博弈论方法进行组合优化;再次,结合云模型提出了抗浮锚杆系统风险等级评价方法;最后,结合实际工程进行验证。结果表明：该抗浮锚杆系统风险等级评价结果为Ⅱ级“需考虑的”,评价指标体系和评价方法对其风险等级评价具有较好的可行性,为抗浮锚杆系统风险等级评价和安全管理提供依据。     

Ground demonstration system based on in-orbit assembly oriented manipulator flexible force control

To eliminate the load weight limit of carrier rockets and reduce the burden on support struc-tures,in-orbit assembly is a key technology to make design of scattering a large diameter telescope into submirror modules, which requires smooth operation of assembly robots, and flexible force con-trol technology is necessary.A ground demonstration system is presented for in-orbit assembly focu-sing on flexible force control.A six-dimensional force/torque sensor and its data acquisition system are used to compensate for gravity.For translation and rotation, an algorithm for flexible control is proposed.A ground transportation demonstration verifies accuracy and smoothness of flexible force control, and the transportation and assembly task is completed automatically.The proposed system is suitable for the development of in-orbit assembly robots.     

Mechanical behavior of a near α titanium alloy under dynamic compression: Characterization and modeling

Dynamic compression tests under strain rates from 870 s^?1 to 2100 s^?1 were conducted for a near α Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V titanium alloy with equiaxed microstructure. Compression behavior, adiabatic shearing and band microstructure were investigated via characterization and calculation. The results demonstrate that all dynamic constitutive curves exhibited obvious stress fluctuation phenomenon with double increase-decrease changing stages at the primary stage of compression. The dislocation multiplication theory can be used to explain this phenomenon. After the stress fluctuation period, work hardening coexisted with the thermal softening, resulting in the slow hardening tendency in constitutive curves. J-C model was utilized to quantify the dynamic constitutive curves. The deviations between the predicted and experimental curves under high strain rates may be attributed to the over-consideration of thermal softening effect in J-C model. Adiabatic shearing band (ASB) began to form under the strain rate of 2100 s^?1. A total shearing strain of 8.1 within ASB achieved in 8.9 μs, corresponding to a local strain rate of about 9.1 × 10⁵ s^?1 and is over 430 times of the macro strain rate. Post annealing was conducted on ASB before EBSD characterization. Due to the static recrystallization during annealing, the α phase within ASB generally presented as ultra-fine grains less than 1 μm in diameter.     

Mechanical and corrosion properties of low-carbon steel prepared by friction stir processing

Low-carbon steel plates were successfully subjected to normal friction stir processing(NFSP) in air and submerged friction stir processing(SFSP) under water, and the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the NFSP and SFSP samples were investigated. Phase transformation and dynamic recrystallization resulted in fine-grained ferrite and martensite in the processed zone. The SFSP samples had smaller ferrites(5.1 μm), finer martensite laths(557 nm), and more uniform distribution of martensite compared to the NFSP samples. Compared to the base material(BM), the microhardness of the NFSP and SFSP samples increased by 19.8% and 27.1%, respectively because of the combined strengthening effects of grain refinement, phase transformation, and dislocation. The ultimate tensile strengths(UTSs) of the NFSP and SFSP samples increased by 27.1% and 38.7%, respectively. Grain refinement and martensite transformation also improved the electrochemical corrosion properties of the low-carbon steel. Overall, the SFSP samples had better mechanical properties and electrochemical corrosion resistance than the NFSP samples.     

Flow and heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in microchannels

Flow and heat transfer of aqueous based silica and alumina nanofluids in microchannels were experimentally investigated. The measured friction factors were higher than conventional model predictions at low Reynolds numbers particularly with high nanoparticle concentrations. A decrease in the friction factor was observed with increasing Reynolds number, possibly due to the augmentation of nanoparticle aggregate shape arising from fluid shear and alteration of local nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid viscosity. Augmentation of the silica nanoparticle morphology by fluid shear may also have affected the friction factor due to possible formation of a core/shell structure of the particles. Measured thermal conductivities of the silica nanofluids were in approximate agreement with the Maxwell-Crosser model, whereas the alumina nanofluids only showed slight enhancements. Enhanced convective heat transfer was observed for both nanofluids, relative to their base fluids (water), at low particle concentrations. Heat transfer enhancement increased with increasing Reynolds number and microchannel hydraulic diameter. However, the majority of experiments showed a larger increase in pumping power requirements relative to heat transfer enhancements, which may hinder the industrial uptake of the nanofluids, particularly in confined environments, such as Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).     

The effects of the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing on the forecast of tropical cyclone tracks

The Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)is configured for the region of(15°–41°N,105°–135°E),which covers the same area with the MASNUM(Key Lab.Marine ScienceNumerical Modeling,State Oceanic Administration)wave-tide-circulation coupled operational forecast system.Three numerical experiments are implemented to investigate the effects of the real-time forecasted sea surface temperature(SST)and the nonbreaking wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv)on the track forecast of all 33 tropical cyclones(TC)in the model domain area during 2008 and 2011.The first experiment employs NCEP FNL(NCEP final analysis)SST as WRF’s bottom condition as the Control run,which is also the default setup of WRF.The second and third experiments use real-time forecasted SST from the MASNUM forecast system with and without Bv,respectively.The forecasted track results are compared with Japan Meteorological Agency’s best track data.For 24-h forecast,the averaged TC position error of Experiment with Bv is reduced by 9%compared to the Control experiment,while the forecasted track error of Experiment without Bv is reduced by only2%compared to the Control experiment.For the 48-h forecast,the averaged track errors are reduced by 10%and6%with Bv and without Bv compared to the Control experiment,respectively.These results suggest that the real-time forecasted SST can improve the performance of WRF in forecasting TC track,and the Bv plays an important role in reducing the forecast error of TC track.Comparatively,Bv can improve more on the track of stronger TC.     

表面张力作用下柱形胶体的弹性失稳

采用弹性理论研究了圆柱形胶体在表面张力作用下的弹性失稳问题;利用能量泛函变分的方法导出 了发生弹性失稳的非经典边界条件,得到了失稳的判据方程。分析判据方程发现,弹性失稳与圆柱体的半径、 内禀尺度和失稳波长相关。