Optimal policy with a total order quantity commitment contract in the presence of a spot market

In this paper,the optimal policy is considered when the buyer faces two supply sources:one is the contract supplier from which the buyer orders over a specific contract period(say,a year) at a pre-agreed price,and the other is the spot market.However,when ordering from the contract supplier,the buyer must fulfill a pre-determined total order quantity,or the so-called definite total order quantity commitment,over the whole contract period.In other words,the commitment secures the buyer a fixed price but obliges him/her a total order quantity over the contract period.Although the spot market gives the buyer more flexibility in terms of order quantities,its prices are volatile.Such a combination of contract and spot procurements is often observed in practice.Within the contract period,there are multiple sub-periods,during each of which the buyer reviews the inventory,issues an individual order,and uses the on-hand inventory to meet the random demand.Thus,in each(ordering) period,the buyer will weigh between the current known spot price(by procuring from the spot market) and a lower future price(by waiting while consuming the remaining commitment).An optimal dual ordering policy is characterized for each period,depending on the on-hand inventory level,the spot price,and the remaining commitment quantity.The optimal policy in each period is also shown to be independent of the contract price.Through a numerical study,the inventory cost is demonstrated to be(1) insensitive to the contract price when the total commitment quantity is lower than the total expected demand over the contract period and(2) non-increasing in the variability of spot prices.     

Upwind finite volume element methods for one-dimensional semiconductor device

A fully discrete implicit Euler upwind finite volume element method is derived and studied for one-dimensional semiconductor device. Upwind scheme is introduced to deal with the convection-dominated diffusion equations in the semiconductor model. With different time steps for the electrostatic potential and the other unknown quantities, the computational procedure of the method is obtained. The local mass conservation laws are preserved under the framework of the upwind finite volume element schemes. A first-order accuracy in the L ²-norm is proved. Numerical experiments are given to validate the usefulness and efficiency of the method.     

高效数字化测图方法——拼音简码法

拼音简码法是编码测图的一个分支，是在外业采集细部点时，采用点名拼音简码形式快速记录点位的信息属性，单位时间测绘效率是全野外采点绘制草图法的1．5倍。介绍了拼音简码法的操作方法，并与传统誊集方法做了比较。     

A different kind of revolutionary change: transformation from object to process concepts

I propose a new perspective with which to understand scientific revolutions. This is a conversion from an object-only perspective to one that properly treats object and process concepts as distinct kinds. I begin with a re-examination of the Copernican revolution. Recent findings from the history of astronomy suggest that the Copernican revolution was a move from a conceptual framework built around an object concept to one built around a process concept. Drawing from studies in the cognitive sciences, I then show that process concepts are independent of object concepts, grounded in specific regions of the brain and involving unique representational mechanisms. There are cognitive obstacles to the transformation from object to process concepts, and an object bias—a tendency to treat processes as objects—makes this kind of conceptual change difficult. Consequently, transformation from object to process concepts is disruptive and revolutionary. Finally, I explore the implications of this new perspective on scientific revolutions for both the history and philosophy of science.     

Attentional negativity bias moderated by positive mood arousal

Automatically allocation of more attention to negative stimuli is called emotional negativity bias. An event-related potentials (ERPs) experiment investigated whether or not this bias was altered by positive mood arousal. The results suggested that the attention bias towards negative stimuli was attenuated when positive information was accessible.     

Gas Chromatography Determining BTEX in Water

随着国民经济的快速发展,工业产业得到了较大程度的发展,在创造经济效益的同时也带来了环境危害.其中,苯系物是水资源中最重要的污染物之一.文章就气相色谱法对饮用水中苯系物测定进行了分析.     

浅谈如何提高建筑工程施工现场管理

施工现场管理是工程项目管理的关键部分,是施工企业生产经营活动的基础,科学施工现场管理,对保证工程质量、降低成本、缩短工期,提高建筑企业在市场中的竞争力起着重要作用。本文就建筑工程施工现场管理进行了分析。     

Incoherent control of two classes of finite-level quantum systems

The incoherent control of finite-level quantum systems is investigated.Following a brief introduction to coherent control paradigms in quantum control,a control problem that can not be accomplished using only coherent control is presented.For such a control problem,it is proved that it can be accomplished using incoherent control based on projective measurement and coherent control for two classes of finite-level quantum systems,i.e.,eigenstate controllable quantum systems and wavefunction controllable quantum systems.     

以现代语言学理论为基础的修辞学——也评《现代修辞学》

语言与言语的区分是现代语言学极为重视的基本理论问题.王德春先生的论著<现代修辞学>革新了传统修辞学的写作模式,"以现代语言学理论为基础,从语言和言语这两个不同的角度,探讨修辞的性质和作用",并将重点放在以言语环境为基础,探寻话语整体和言语规律,从言语修养诸多方面将修辞研究提升到建构修辞理论的高度.<现代修辞学>是国内以现代语言学理论为基础的修辞学研究的开山之作,是为建立现代修辞学理论体系艰苦努力的研究成果.     

高校图书馆深化信息服务刍议

本文从社会发展的外部环境和高校图书馆自身的内部环境两方面，论述了高校图书馆开展信息服务工作的必要性和可行性，并提出高校图书馆开展信息服务工作应注意的几个问题。