聚己内酯-b-聚乙二醇大分子单体的酶催化合成及其原子转移自由基聚合

以固定化的脂肪酶(Novozyme-435)为催化剂,聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)为引发剂, 丙烯酸乙烯酯（VA）为封端剂,进行ε-己内酯的酶催化开环聚合,得到了α-丙烯酰氧基聚己内酯/聚乙二醇单甲醚嵌段共聚物型大分子单体（APCL-b-MPEG）,其分子量为2510,分子量分布系数为1.11。对该大分子单体进行原子转移自由基聚合,得到分子量为22784、分子量分布系数为1.19的梳状接枝共聚物。     

嵌段共聚物P(MAn-alt-St)m-b-PStn的制备及其水解物的自组装研究

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移（RAFT）聚合方法合成了苯乙烯和马来酸酐的交替嵌段共聚物P(MAn-alt-St) _m-b-PSt_n,通过核磁共振仪（NMR）、凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)对聚合物进行了表征,确认3种不同交替段/均聚段(m/n)比例的嵌段共聚物组成分别为P(Man-alt-St)₄₉-b-PSt₇₀,P(MAn-alt-St)₄₈-b-PSt₉₇和P(MAn-alt-St)₅₀-b-PSt₁₃₁。将所制备的交替嵌段共聚物在碱性水溶液中水解后得到了两亲性嵌段共聚物,用扫描电镜（SEM）对两亲性共聚物的自组装形貌进行了研究,结果表明随着两亲性共聚物中PSt均聚段比例的增加,自组装形成的胶束形貌出现由分散的类棒状到支化状再到密集的网状转变。     

Road surface mirage： A bunch of hot air？

The inferior mirage from road surfaces is a common phenomenon, which can be easily seen in everyday life. It has been recognized in the literature as a light refraction phenomenon due to the refractive index gradient caused by the temperature gradient in the air strata above the road surfaces. However, it was also suggested that the mirage is just a phenomenon of specular reflection at grazing incidence. Because of the lack of reasonable and quantitative evidence, the generally accepted light refraction theory has not yet been refuted. Here we show some mirror-like reflection images captured from a road surface stretch in Yujiashan North Road, Wuhan, China, when there was no obvious temperature gradient on or above the road, measured on a winter day in December 2009. This provided direct evidence to doubt the temperature induced light refraction mechanism of the inferior mirage. Furthermore, the critical grazing angle of about 0.2° to the road plane where the mirror-like reflection appears could not make the rough surface scatter incident light as a smooth surface according to the Rayleigh criterion. Therefore the phenomenon is a mirrorlike observation effect of scattering from the surface, which cannot be entirely explained by light refraction via air strata. The results demonstrate that the image-formation mechanism and the observer-based-analysis method shown here potentially offer a means of understanding a wide range of scattering phenomena from rough surfaces at grazing angle; for example, the superior mirages of unusual brightness occasionally observed over frozen lakes and the off-specular reflection phenomenon.     

1,1-二苯基乙烯存在下甲基丙烯酸甲酯的自由基聚合研究

以偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂,1,1-二苯基乙烯（DPE）为添加剂,对甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的自由基聚合过程进行了研究,并通过GPC、1H-NMR、ESI-MS表征了PMMA大分子的结构。结果表明,在DPE存在下,体系在一定程度上具备可控聚合的特征：聚合物分子量随单体转化率增加而增加,分子量分布较窄;DPE用量越大,相同时间下单体转化率越低;相同单体转化率下,DPE用量越大,聚合物的相对分子质量越低。PMMA大分子主要结构为一个DPE端基的链自由基和一个PMMA链自由基间偶合终止生成的含有一个DPE单元的特征结构。     

映射神经元前馈环网络基元中的随机共振和相干共振

采用映射神经元模型,通过数值模拟方法研究了由3个神经元组成的前馈环（Feed—Forward—Loop,FFL）网络基元中噪声对体系非线性动力学行为的影响．由3个神经元组成的前馈环网络基元,因神经元本身分为兴奋和抑制两种类型,共有8种不同的形式．通过对不同类型前馈环网络基元的数值模拟,在多种类型的前馈环中发现了随机共振及相干共振现象．在对不同前馈类型及不同耦合强度下的结果进行比较后,发现不同的前馈形式及耦合强度对体系的动力学行为有着非常重要的影响．     

Quantum chemical and topological study on the insertion reaction of dichlorcarbene with acetaldehyde

The insertion reaction mechanisms of siglet and striglet CCI2 with CH3CHO have been studied by using the DFT, NBO, CCSD（T） and AIM method. The geometries of reactions, transition state and products were completely optimized by B3LYP/6-31G（d）. All the energy of the species was obtained at the CCSD（T）/6-31G（d,p） level. The calculated results indicated that all the major pathways of the reaction were obtained on the singlet potential energy surface. The singlet CCl2 can not only insert the Cα--H （reaction I） but also can react with Cβ--H （reaction ll）. There are three main existing pathways and the products are P1 （CH3COHCCl2）, P2 （CH2COHCHCl2） and P4[CHCl2CHCHOH] respectively. Reaction II happens more easily according to the energy changes and the barrier in rate-controlling step. In addition, the important geometries in domain pathways have been studied by AIM theory. And also, the energy changes of H in the inserted C--H bond have been investigated.     

Density functional theory calculation on the C―H bond insertion reaction of dibromocarbene with acetaldehyde

The insertion reaction mechanism of CBr2 with CH3CHO has been studied by using the B3LYPI6-31G（d） method. The geometries of reactions, transition state and products were completely optimized. All the energy of the species was obtained at the CCSD（T）/6-31G（d） level. All the transition state is verified by the vibrational analysis and the internal reaction coordinate （IRC） calculations. The results show that the propionaldehyde （Hp1） is the main product of CH2 insertion with CH3CHO. The calculated results indicated that all the major pathways of the reaction were obtained on the singlet potential energy surface. The singlet CBr2 not only can insert the Cα-H [reaction I（1）]） but also can react with Cβ-H [reaction l1（1）]. The statistical thermodynamics and Eyring transition state theory with Wigner correc-tion are used to study the thermodynamic and kinetic characters of I（1） and I1（1） in temperature range from 100 to 2200 K. The results show that the appropriate reaction temperature rang is 250 to 1750 K and 250 to 1600 K at 1.0 atm for I（1） and I1（1） respectively. The rate constant and equilibrium constant are distinct in the range from 250 to 1000 K so that I（1） more easily occurs, while the reactions are not selected in the temperature range of 1000-1600 K.     

Theoretical study of the effects of different substituents of tetrathiafulvalene derivatives on charge transport

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the charge transfer of four tetrathiafulvalene derivatives. Perfluorination of dibenzo-tetrathiafulvalene (DB-TTF) increased the reorganization energy and was considered disadvantageous for the charge-transport process. Fluorination lowered the frontier orbitals of the compound, favoring electron-rather than hole-transport due to the low injection barrier. While intra-ring substitution of carbons of benzene with N atoms did not increase the reorganization energy, it enforced thermodynamic stability and decreased the charge injection barrier due to lowering the frontier orbital. Calculation results also showed that introduction of NH 2 to DB-TTF can change the crystal structure and charge mobility, thus providing a method with which to promote -stacked structures. Calculation of charge transfer integrals using site energy correction methods was found to be more suitable for perfluorinated DB-TTF because it exhibits remarkable polarization effects.     

Detection and tracking of clathrin-coated pits in biological images

Dynamically tracking hundreds of individual pits is essential to determine whether there exist hot spots for the formation of clathrin-coated pits or if the pits formed randomly on the plasma membrane. We propose an automated approach to detect these particles based on an improved á trous wavelet transform decomposition with automatic threshold selection and post processing solution, and to track the dynamic process with a greedy algorithm. The results indicate that the detection method can successfully detect most particles in an image with accuracy of 98.61% and 97.65% for adaptor and clathrin images, respectively, and that the tracking algorithm can resolve merging and splitting issues encountered when analyzing dynamic, live-cell images of clathrin assemblies.