环境、稻作农业与社会演变

最近，有两项考古新发现颇为引人注目。其一，湖南道县玉蟾岩出土了距今12000年的5粒炭化稻谷，被誉为世界上最古老的稻谷，将人类的稻作文明又向前推了3000年。其二，中美考古学家从距今9000～7000年的河南舞阳贾湖遗址出土的陶器沉淀物中鉴定出由稻米、蜂蜜和水果酿造的酒类残渍。虽然一般读者可能看不出两项发现之间有什么联系，但是这很可能为我们解决中国水稻栽培起源的原因提供了非常重要的线索。     

Thermal performance and reduction kinetic analysis of cold-bonded pellets with CO and H_2 mixtures

Cold-bonded pellets, to which a new type of inorganic binder was applied, were reduced by H2–CO mixtures with different H2/CO molar ratios(1:0, 5:2, 1:1, 2:5, and 0:1) under various temperatures(1023, 1123, 1223, 1323, and 1423 K) in a thermogravimetric analysis apparatus. The effects of gas composition, temperature, and binder ratio on the reduction process were studied, and the microstructure of reduced pellets was observed by scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS). The SEM-EDS images show that binder particles exist in pellets in two forms, and the form that binder particles completely surround ore particles has a more significant hinder effect on the reduction. The reduction equilibrium constant, effective diffusion coefficient, and the reaction rate constant were calculated on the basis of the unreacted core model, and the promotion effect of temperature on reduction was further analyzed. The results show that no sintering phenomenon occurred at low temperatures and that the increasing reaction rate constant and high gas diffusion coefficient could maintain the promotion effect of temperature; however, when the sintering phenomenon occurs at high temperatures, gas diffusion is hindered and the promotion effect is diminished. The contribution of the overall equilibrium constant to the promotion effect depends on the gas composition.     

Multifunctions of histone H1 proteins

Among various histones, histone H1 proteins have been appreciated for their multiple functions in diverse biological processes. In addition to being a structural protein in chromatin, H1 proteins also play critical roles in cell cycle, gene expression, and development. Recent studies reveal the possible effects of H1 in some diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review different variants of HI, the functions, and post translational modifications of ill variants are also discussed.     

形象思维与抽象思维相结合改进高中物理教学

教学中如果把抽象的物理概念、物理公式、物理过程同具体形象的物理实验、物理模型及可视性较强的情景图形联系起来,将形象思维与抽象思维巧妙地结合起来,引导学生在体验中学习、在实践中思考,不仅能有效地激发学生学习的积极性,提高学生的物理成绩,而且有利于培养学生的创新意识和实践能力。     

曲面薄壳有限元离散误差分析和修正方法研究

基于曲面薄壳几何/物理方程和有限元离散原理推导,揭示了壳单元离散方法特点、刚度矩阵误差产生机理和范数表示方法。以航空涡轮发动机测压探针为例,深入研究了利用协调平板壳单元、非协调平板壳单元、一次和二次实体退化壳单元等不同类型单元离散曲面薄壳时,应力计算误差影响因素及变化规律,综述了单元的适用条件。基于Boltzmann模型提出了应力计算结果修正通式,通过FORTRAN语言编程修正应力仿真结果和ANSYS二次开发语言APDL命令实现应力修正结果的读取和后处理,应力修正结果与理论解相对误差小于5%,满足曲面薄壳设计和稳定性分析应用要求。

Abstract：

Based on the geometric physical equations and deduction of discrete process of finite element for curved thin-walled structure,characteristics of shell elements for discretion and discrete error for element stiffness matrix were analyzed theoretically,and the norm expression of discrete error for element stiffness matrix was put forward.Then,as an illustration,a probe for detecting the pressure inside turboprops was meshed by curved thin-walled shell element,compatible flat shell element,incompatible flat shell element and 3D degenerated shell element,respectively,and the stress of the probe was numerically calculated by FEM.On the basis of solved results,the stress error was analyzed thoroughly,the influence factors on the error and the applying situations for different elements were determined.Finally,the general form of correctional function was put forward according to the Boltzmann model.The program developed with FORTRAN was used to correct the numerical results and the APDL commands inside ANSYS software were utilized to read and plot the correctional stress results.Through the correction,the discrete error can be reduced within 5% that satisfies the requirement of application for structural design and stability analysis.     

鸟类起源研究取得重大进展

鸟类起源于兽脚类恐龙的假说得到了广泛承认,但鸟类起源研究方向依然存在许多薄弱环节,主要包括鸟类手指同源问题、兽脚类分异时间框架问题以及羽毛起源和早期演化的一些问题。我们近年来在这些问题上取得了一系列重要进展。化石资料显示,兽脚类恐龙在向鸟类进化当中,其外侧两指退化;而现代发育学证据表明,鸟类手指是两侧退化,保留了中间3指。我们通过研究新疆侏罗系地层中发现的泥潭龙,提出了一种外侧和两侧退化模式结合的新假说。该假说可以解释古生物学与发育学资料之间的矛盾。我们报道的一件产自辽宁中上侏罗统髫髻山组的近鸟龙化石,代表了早于始祖鸟的带羽毛的物种,我们提出了包括鸟类在内的主要兽脚类恐龙类群出现于中侏罗世的一个快速演化事件,解决了有关鸟类兽脚类恐龙起源假说的时间悖论问题。我们报道了在北票龙化石中发现的一种新的原始羽毛类型,给出了发育学解释,推测羽毛起源的时间可能在三叠纪中期,对于羽毛起源和早期演化研究具有重要意义。     

负反馈放大电路的理论计算与仿真

文章利用MATLAB软件编程,对设计的由运算放大器构建的电流串联负反馈放大电路采用方框图分析法进行理论计算．结果表明：闭环增益与开环增益满足基本关系式;引入负反馈后稳定性得以提高,输出电阻增大;同时使用EWB对开环与闭环增益也进行了仿真分析,结果与理论计算一致,从而定量地验证了负反馈放大电路中的结论与关系．     

现代生物工程技术的产生及其带来的启示

２０世纪是科学技术取得重大进展的１００年。５０年代兴起的新技术革命正在改变着人类生活与思维的方式 ,而其中最具革命性的无疑是信息技术和生物技术。前者借助于电脑的魔力 ,正在使人与物的关系走向和谐 ;而后者的发展则有可能重新实现人与自然的共存与进化。从这个角度来看 ,现代科学技术所追求的已远远不止是“资用民生”这样的浅层目标了 ,人们欢呼知识经济的到来正表现了一种对自身解脱的憧憬。那么中国———１５００年之前处于世界技术领先地位的国家（李约瑟 ,１９６９） ,为何在近代 ,尤其是在２０世纪 ,未能取得辉煌的科技成就…     

试论我国证券投资基金的功能定位和市场化道路

经过一年多的试点 ,我国证券投资基金业已经取得了明显的发展 ,这主要体现在以下几个方面。一是证券投资基金初具规模。从无到有、从小到大 ,目前已形成１０家基金管理公司管理１４只基金、管理资产市值近４００亿元的规模 ,约占沪深股市流通市值的４%。二是证券投资基金呈现运作日趋系统化、理念多样化的特征。各基金管理公司在与券商合作的基础上 ,通过自身的调研、信息整理和决策 ,形成了规范的运作程序 ,产生了增长型、价值型、平衡型的不同投资理念 ,出现了被动分解与主动进取的不同运作风格 ,也挖掘出一批为市场认同的成长型股票。三…     

位势级数形式的边界积分方程法

就位势问题提出了一种级数形式的边界积分方法,避免了传统边界积分方程法中边界奇异积分的处理和计算,计算结果表明,不仅减少计算程序,而且具有较高精度。