A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

生物法净化几种气态污染物的研究

应用生物膜填料塔对工业废气中常见的甲苯、苯乙烯、甲醛、CS２,SO２,H２S,NOx等７种气态污染 物进行净化实验,结果表明,采用专用菌种挂膜制作的生物膜填料塔对该７种气态污染物均有生物净化作用, 但其对SO２,H２S,NOx等３种无机污染物的生物净化作用（生化去除量可达９０～１５０mg桙L·h）明显优于对甲苯、 苯乙烯、甲醛、二硫化碳等４种有机污染物的净化作用（生化去除量除对甲苯的可达１００mg桙L·h外,均低于３０ mg桙L·h）。研究确定了净化各污染物的适宜操作条件,并对７个专用菌种进行了鉴定。     

高速铁路运行引发的低频振动的隔振分析

针对传统隔振方法对低频振动无法取得较好效果的问题,分析了波阻块( WIB)和蜂窝形波阻块( HWIB)对高速铁路引发的低频振动的隔振效果.首先建立了列车-路基的数值计算模型,将列车荷载简化为沿路基向前的移动荷载列,并采用基于拉格朗日算法的有限差分软件计算了埋设WIB和HWIB前后场地土的振动情况,最后与空沟的隔振效果进...     

基于音频特征和逼近信号统计特征的数字零水印算法

提出了一种基于音频特征和逼近信号统计特征的零水印算法.实验结果表明,该算法能根据音频自身的特点寻找到适合用于嵌入水印的音频帧,实现水印信息的嵌入、提取和盲检测,在不改变听觉质量的同时降低了计算量,提高了水印的鲁棒性.     

浅析园林绿化施工管理

城市绿化主要是在生态效益的基础上实现美化功能,使城市环境质量得到改善,使自然破坏得到缓解,促进社会经济与环境的可持续发展.文章结合珠海莱菌半岛小区园林景观工程,对园林绿化施工管理进行了论述.     

浅谈加强工程建设领域招标投标活动管理的方法

文章针对目前工程建设领域招标投标活动中招标代理机构市场行为、评标专家评标活动和评标方法存在的问题,提出了加强工程建设领域招标投标活动管理的方法.     

太原市公园土壤重金属污染研究

通过对太原市区5个代表性公园的土壤取样调查,测定土壤中Cd,As,Pb,Cr的含量,结果显示,研究区大部分土壤样品Cd,As,Cr,Pb含量低于土壤环境质量二级标准,但与太原市土壤背景值相比,Pb表现为强烈富集,Cr较强富集,As,Cd有一定的富集,说明这些地区土壤均已受到人为因素的影响。与国内其他城市比较,太原公园土壤Pb和Cr含量相当高;As含量较高;Cd含量处于中等水平。重金属Pb和Cr,Cd,As含量之间呈现不同程度的正相关,说明太原市公园土壤部分重金属来源相似。     

建筑施工质量管理及施工要点

要建造一个高质量、高标准的建筑产品,除了好的建筑设计外,施工质量是不可忽视的重点,若是把设计比喻成建筑产品的灵魂,那么工程质量就是延续灵魂的保障。因此要将建筑施工质量管理放在首位,文章分析了建筑施工前期与施工中期的质量控制要点。     

Effects of mechanical strain amplitude on the isothermal fatigue behavior of H13

Isothermal fatigue (IF) tests were performed on H13 tool steel subjected to three different mechanical strain amplitudes at a constant temperature to determine the effects of mechanical strain amplitude on the microstructure of the steel samples. The samples' extent of damage after IF tests was compared by observation of their cracks and calculation of their damage parameters. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the microstructure of the samples. Cracks were observed to initiate at the surface because the strains and stresses there were the largest during thermal cycling. Mechanical strain accelerated the damage and softening of the steel. A larger mechanical strain caused greater deformation of the steel, which made the precipitated carbides easier to gather and grow along the deformation direction, possibly resulting in softening of the material or the initiation of cracks.