首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   16047篇
  免费   34篇
  国内免费   54篇
系统科学   79篇
丛书文集   182篇
教育与普及   38篇
理论与方法论   85篇
现状及发展   6288篇
研究方法   911篇
综合类   8160篇
自然研究   392篇
  2013年   119篇
  2012年   336篇
  2011年   732篇
  2010年   138篇
  2008年   386篇
  2007年   383篇
  2006年   398篇
  2005年   398篇
  2004年   392篇
  2003年   343篇
  2002年   322篇
  2001年   462篇
  2000年   442篇
  1999年   312篇
  1992年   270篇
  1991年   199篇
  1990年   227篇
  1989年   221篇
  1988年   226篇
  1987年   220篇
  1986年   206篇
  1985年   294篇
  1984年   234篇
  1983年   162篇
  1982年   168篇
  1981年   152篇
  1980年   181篇
  1979年   419篇
  1978年   313篇
  1977年   307篇
  1976年   291篇
  1975年   323篇
  1974年   385篇
  1973年   364篇
  1972年   383篇
  1971年   438篇
  1970年   553篇
  1969年   465篇
  1968年   471篇
  1967年   433篇
  1966年   384篇
  1965年   286篇
  1964年   88篇
  1959年   169篇
  1958年   298篇
  1957年   199篇
  1956年   185篇
  1955年   150篇
  1954年   185篇
  1948年   139篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 11 毫秒
141.
针对自抗扰控制器参数多,不利于整定的问题,提出了一种基于改进的粒子群算法(PSO)的自抗扰控制器参数整定方法。该方法引入了PSO中各个粒子的惯性权值的自适应调整机制,以此来维持粒子的多样性和加速粒子群算法的收敛性。利用改进粒子群算法优化的二阶自抗扰控制器控制主气温控制系统,仿真结果验证了算法的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   
142.
HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells   总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34  
HIV infection is associated with the progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells through their destruction or decreased production. A central, yet unresolved issue of HIV disease is the mechanism for this loss, and in particular whether HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially affected. Here we show that HIV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells in infected individuals contain more HIV viral DNA than other memory CD4(+) T cells, at all stages of HIV disease. Additionally, following viral rebound during interruption of antiretroviral therapy, the frequency of HIV viral DNA in the HIV-specific pool of memory CD4(+) T cells increases to a greater extent than in memory CD4(+) T cells of other specificities. These findings show that HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially infected by HIV in vivo. This provides a potential mechanism to explain the loss of HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and consequently the loss of immunological control of HIV replication. Furthermore, the phenomenon of HIV specifically infecting the very cells that respond to it adds a cautionary note to the practice of structured therapy interruption.  相似文献   
143.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function   总被引:131,自引:0,他引:131  
Cardiovascular diseases are predicted to be the most common cause of death worldwide by 2020. Here we show that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) maps to a defined quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the X chromosome in three different rat models of hypertension. In all hypertensive rat strains, ACE2 messenger RNA and protein expression were markedly reduced, suggesting that ace2 is a candidate gene for this QTL. Targeted disruption of ACE2 in mice results in a severe cardiac contractility defect, increased angiotensin II levels, and upregulation of hypoxia-induced genes in the heart. Genetic ablation of ACE on an ACE2 mutant background completely rescues the cardiac phenotype. But disruption of ACER, a Drosophila ACE2 homologue, results in a severe defect of heart morphogenesis. These genetic data for ACE2 show that it is an essential regulator of heart function in vivo.  相似文献   
144.
鸟害闪络是引起高压输电线路跳闸的主要原因之一.采用实地抽样调查的方法,对吉林省9个地区1 518基220kV高压杆塔上防鸟害设施的种类、损毁状况、防鸟效果和存在的问题进行了研究.结果表明:吉林省目前主要应用障碍性防鸟设施防止鸟类在输电杆塔上栖落和筑巢,以风力驱鸟器、鸟刺、滚动针式驱鸟器和防鸟罩为主;调查杆塔安装比例为53.6%,各地区存在差异;平均每基杆塔安装的防鸟设施数量为4.8个;不同类型防鸟设施损毁率不同,平均损毁率约为18.0%,其中带鸟刺风力驱鸟器和普通风力驱鸟器损坏率较高,分别为27.5%和27.3%.安装防鸟设施未能完全阻止鸟类在输电杆塔筑巢,但可在一定程度上改变鸟类在输电杆塔上的筑巢位置进而减少鸟害闪络的发生几率.  相似文献   
145.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder affecting about 1 in 3,500 males. It is allelic with the milder Becker muscular dystrophy. The biochemical basis for both diseases is unknown and no effective treatment is available. Long-range physical mapping has shown that the DMD gene, localized in Xp21, is extremely large, exceeding 2 million base pairs. Until now, carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis has involved the use of linked restriction fragment length polymorphism markers which detect muscular dystrophy-associated deletions in about 10% of the cases. Field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) allows the detection of structural rearrangements in 21 out of 39 of the DMD patients studied (54%), of which 14 (65%) were not detected by conventional methods. Large deletions seem to make up a much higher fraction of the DMD mutations than so far indicated by other methods. A region prone to deletion was located in the distal half of the gene. FIGE analysis could provide a valuable extension of information for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. The technique should be generally applicable to the study of diseases involving structural chromosomal rearrangements.  相似文献   
146.
The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation.  相似文献   
147.
Jackson JP  Lindroth AM  Cao X  Jacobsen SE 《Nature》2002,416(6880):556-560
  相似文献   
148.
基于关系积的属性约简算法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
粗糙集的属性约简是一个NP难问题,目前尚无高效的算法.基于集合理论,提出了关系积概念和基于关系积的属性约简算法,把决策表的属性约简过程转化为关系积的运算,减小了对决策表的扫描次数,提高了属性约简的效率;算法采用自底向上和宽度优先的搜索策略,可确保找到最小属性约简集.结合实例,给出了算法的具体实现.  相似文献   
149.
Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
The proliferation of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects in recent years has driven a search for alternative methods to reduce time and cost. Here we describe a scalable, highly parallel sequencing system with raw throughput significantly greater than that of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis instruments. The apparatus uses a novel fibre-optic slide of individual wells and is able to sequence 25 million bases, at 99% or better accuracy, in one four-hour run. To achieve an approximately 100-fold increase in throughput over current Sanger sequencing technology, we have developed an emulsion method for DNA amplification and an instrument for sequencing by synthesis using a pyrosequencing protocol optimized for solid support and picolitre-scale volumes. Here we show the utility, throughput, accuracy and robustness of this system by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome with 96% coverage at 99.96% accuracy in one run of the machine.  相似文献   
150.
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号