A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

抛物问题的一类变网格矩形有限元方法

传统有限元方法要求区域剖分满足正则性条件.对一类抛物问题,首先可利用相应的矩形元,绕开区域剖分中正则性条件的限制,再结合变网格思想,导出所讨论问题的全离散有限元格式;其次,利用Riesz投影算子,通过一些新的技巧和方法,得到与传统有限元相同的最优误差估计.     

供货商选择的双层规划模型及遗传算法求解

采购商在对供货商的选择中,需要考虑到供货商的选择行为,因供货商只和符合自己理性选择的采购商进行交易.传统的供货商选择模型对此考虑较少,鉴于此,建立了供货商选择的双层规划模型,并设计了基于遗传算法的模型求解算法.模型的上层规划体现了采购商对供货商的最小成本选择,下层规划中描述了需求量在供货商之间的分配,即供货商的选择行为,并考虑了供货商的最小采购批量和供货能力以及产品匹配等约束.最后通过一算例验证了模型及其算法的可行性.     

多径衰落信道下TCP协议的分析及改进

为了区分大尺度传播模型和多径衰落的小尺度模型在实际传播环境下的不同,针对无线信道多径衰落的特点,分析了TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)在多径衰落信道下的特性,提出了一种根据当前网络实际情况进行带宽估计而采取相应拥塞控制机制的TCP协议,并对不同TCP版本和改进后的协议进行了仿真分析。结果表明,改进后的协议能够根据网络的状况进行有效的拥塞控制,在既存有网络拥塞又有多径衰落导致丢包的情况下,其算法的吞吐率比TCP-Sack提高了约17.8%。     

参数化弧相容约束传播

为进一步提高约束满足问题求解算法的效率,对约束传播过程进行了分析,并使用变量论域缩减比例对弧相容传播深度进行参数化描述,同时提出了一个约束传播程度可以控制的弧相容传播算法,研究了在不同参数下约束求解算法的效率。该算法在“明月1.0”架构下实现。实验结果表明,约束传播程度是影响算法求解效率的一个重要因素,通过调整控制参数可以使算法效率提高3~4倍。     

MB（A2/O）工艺的好氧、缺氧摄磷及微生物特性

为开发高效除磷脱氮技术,研制了将MBR与A２桙O工艺有机集成的新型MB（A２/O）组合工艺。研究 了MB（A２/O）工艺处理城市污水的好氧、缺氧摄磷性能及微生物特性,并分析了其机理。结果表明：在 MB（A２/O）系统中,聚磷菌约占活性污泥总量的２０％～４０％,其中大量存在能够利用NOX－N作为电子受体 进行反硝化除磷的DPB,约占聚磷菌数量的３５畅６６％～６７畅８３％。好氧摄磷的平均速率为２畅３０mgP·gMLSS－１· h－１,最大摄磷速率为５.４４mgP·gMLSS－１·h－１;缺氧摄磷的平均速率为１     

共晶合成监控系统设计

在详细分析了锰-锌铁氧体共晶合成生产过程的基础上,提出了系统的测控点.以此为依据并结合实际生产需要进行了硬件选型,构建了基于DCS框架的测控系统,并编写了测控软件.使用结果表明,该系统不仅稳定可靠,而且对提高产品质量、降低能耗物耗、增加产能都起到了重大的作用.     

RDX/AP分子间炸药热性能的研究

运用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同配比的RDX/AP体系复合分子间炸药(IMX),通过热分析仪(TGA/DSC)研究了其热分解特性.结果表明,IMX的第一阶段质量损失和总分解质量焓都远高于两者物理共混物,且当RDX与AP质量比为1.56时,为零氧平衡比例,此时IMX的分解质量焓最高,达到了2 160.6 J/g.IMX的分解活化能高于物理混合物,表明其安定性较高.低温下IMX的分解速率较低,而高温时较高,表明低温下IMX比物理混合物更稳定,高温下更易分解.     

角点特征在目标识别中的应用

针对在视点变化情况下进行目标识别这一问题,作者结合主分量变换提出了一种基于Hausdorff距离的目标匹配算法,该算法在噪声和遮挡下性能稳定,时间代价较小.作者还提出了一种具有平移、旋转、尺度不变性以及对噪声有抗干扰能力的角点特征构造方法,通过BP网络实现目标分类.与其他三种形状特征进行实验对比,结果证明该方法在视点发生变化时对目标的识别更为有效.