ZNRF3 promotes Wnt receptor turnover in an R-spondin-sensitive manner

R-spondin proteins strongly potentiate Wnt signalling and function as stem-cell growth factors. Despite the biological and therapeutic significance, the molecular mechanism of R-spondin action remains unclear. Here we show that the cell-surface transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) and its homologue ring finger 43 (RNF43) are negative feedback regulators of Wnt signalling. ZNRF3 is associated with the Wnt receptor complex, and inhibits Wnt signalling by promoting the turnover of frizzled and LRP6. Inhibition of ZNRF3 enhances Wnt/β-catenin signalling and disrupts Wnt/planar cell polarity signalling in vivo. Notably, R-spondin mimics ZNRF3 inhibition by increasing the membrane level of Wnt receptors. Mechanistically, R-spondin interacts with the extracellular domain of ZNRF3 and induces the association between ZNRF3 and LGR4, which results in membrane clearance of ZNRF3. These data suggest that R-spondin enhances Wnt signalling by inhibiting ZNRF3. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of Wnt receptor turnover, and reveals ZNRF3 as a tractable target for therapeutic exploration.     

内蒙古太仆寺旗土地利用景观格局与空间动态特征分析

以位于我国北方农牧交错带的太仆寺旗为研究区,基于1995、2000和2008年3期土地利用现状图并结合太仆寺旗地形图,借助GIS提取太仆寺旗土地利用空间信息,运用景观生态学原理和定量分析方法,对太仆寺旗13a来土地利用数量变化、景观格局和空间动态变化进行分析.结果表明：数量上,林地面积增加,耕地、草地和未利用土地面积减少;景观格局上,耕地、草地和林地形状趋于复杂和不规则;空间变化上,土地利用变化主要表现为大量耕地转变为林地以及耕地、草地和未利用土地之间的相互转变;空间分布上,随着海拔、坡度和坡向的变化,各种土地利用类型的呈规律性分布.相关政策是土地利用变化的主要驱动因素之一.     

沉默白细胞介素10基因对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）感染的影响

为了研究藏猪免疫细胞中IL-10基因表达抑制后对RNA病毒感染及其免疫应答的影响,本实验构建和筛选了抑制猪IL-10基因表达的shRNA干扰分子及其表达载体,并以新型的壳聚糖接枝聚乙二醇和聚乙烯亚胺修饰分子(CS-N-PEI-PEG)通过离子交联法进行分子包装,制备DNA-壳聚糖纳米分子,体外转染藏猪免疫细胞,观察猪繁殖和呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)诱导免疫细胞IL-10基因的表达及其增殖感染水平.实验结果表明:与未转染纳米分子或者纳米分子不表达shRNA的空白对照组相比较,shRNA实验组的IL-10基因表达在24～72h内明显抑制(P<0.05),免疫细胞中PRRSV的增殖水平显著下降(P<0.05);同时IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ基因的mRNA水平明显升高(P<0.05).这些提示IL-10的shRNA转染能使免疫细胞的抗感染能力显著增强,甚至可完全抑制PRRSV的复制.     

西藏申扎地区晚古生代地层岩石磁学研究

目的研究西藏申扎地区晚古生代地层载磁矿物特征,为构造磁学等提供依据。方法运用饱和等温剩磁(SIRM),三轴等温剩磁(SIRM)热退磁,磁化率-温度(χ-T)曲线和NRM热退磁实验等方法进行综合分析。结果中—上二叠统样品中含较多针铁矿、赤铁矿;下二叠统和石炭系样品中以磁铁矿为主;泥盆系样品中富集铁硫化物。结论该套沉积地层中具有不同磁学特征的磁性矿物共生组合,可能导致岩石剩磁获得过程相对复杂;剖面上磁性矿物组合的变化,蕴含着沉积环境演化的信息。     

基于强度调制和相位调制的ROF系统比较

基于现有实现载波抑制毫米波传输下行链路信号的实验,研究并比较了以下两种ROF系统：一种是利用强度调制技术产生载波抑制毫米波的传输系统,另一种是利用相位调制技术产生边带传输下行链路信号．通过仿真实验证明了系统的有效性和可靠性,并根据光谱图、Q值参数、眼图和误码率曲线来对比研究两者传输性能的优缺点．     

虫草素改善脑缺血小鼠学习记忆及对海马神经元数量的影响

采用双侧颈动脉夹闭建立脑缺血模型,观察造模后和造模前腹腔注射100 mg/kg虫草素对小鼠Y迷宫行为训练的影响,以及检测海马各区神经元数量的变化.结果表明,造模前给予虫草素能明显提高小鼠的正确反应率(P<0.05),减少达标所需训练次数(P<0.05),显著增加海马CA1区和CA3区锥体神经元数量(P<0.01).造模后给予虫草素显著减少小鼠达标所需训练次数(P<0.05);同时,海马CA3区神经元数量显著增加(P<0.01).由此可见,虫草素能改善脑缺血小鼠的学习能力,预防作用比治疗作用更为显著,可能与虫草素促进海马神经元的修复有关.     

反向线性探针杂交技术检测慢性乙型肝炎病毒拉米夫定耐药研究

目的:建立起简单、快速、灵敏、准确的慢性乙型肝炎病毒拉米夫定耐药位点的反向线性探针(reverse line probe,RLP)检测方法.方法:根据HBV野生及耐药基因序列设计通用探针、3'、5'对称加有poly-C的特异性探针和5'标记生物素的扩增引物.将探针线性固定在硝酸纤维膜上,使HBV PCR扩增产物与探针进行杂交.通过优化杂交条件,建立RLP检测方法.利用该方法对重庆地区86个慢性乙肝病人进行检测,同时与直接测序结果比较.结果:半巢式PCR可对103拷贝/ml的血清样本进行有效特异扩增,新建的RLP检测方法可对PCR扩增产物在1 ng/ml以上,或血清样本中突变型DNA占野生型DNA比例为5％以上的均可有效检测,86例临床的检测灵敏度为100％,野生型和耐药型的检测准确性分别为98.09％(103/105)、100％ (43/43),与直接测序法比,RLP检测野生与耐药混合型准确性更好.结论:反向线性探针杂交检测方法检测HBV拉米夫定耐药位点方便、灵敏、准确,是HBV拉米夫定治疗有效的监控工具,该方法适合临床应用.     

面向非点源污染调控的平原河网地区城市集水区划分方法初探

基于平原河网地区所特有的且已实施的水利分区（控制片）管理体系,分析了平原河网地区城市集水区的特征;从空间尺度、汇流机制和调控强度3个维度,初步探讨了面向非点源污染调控的平原河网地区城市集水区四级划分体系.以临港新城区域为例,划分了1个一级集水区,13个二级集水区,137个三级集水区;二级集水区与现有规划的功能分区基本一致,以促进非点源调控策略的落实.     

Studies on biomechanics of skeletal muscle based on the working mechanism of myosin motors: An overview

Skeletal muscle is the source of human body motion.Many scholars have been studying in this field to reveal its contraction mechanism,and relevant achievements have been awarded the Nobel Prize.This paper reviewed the current researches on biomechanics of skeletal muscle,and concluded two strategies(top-down and bottom-up methods) for the biomechanical research of skeletal muscle.Moreover,this paper generalized two major aspects of muscle research:(1) the multi-force coupling mechanism and the collective operation mechanism of molecular motors;(2) the bioelectrochemical driving and control principium of muscle contraction.We discussed the solution for experimental verification and induced a novel idea to study the biomechanics of skeletal muscle based on the microscopic working mechanism of molecular motor,which is the origin of muscle contraction.Finally we analyzed the disadvantages in existent researches and explored future directions that need further studies.     

Types and biotic successions of Ordovician reefs in China

Ordovician reefs are located in the South China,Tarim,and North China blocks,in low-latitude epicontinental marine regions and mostly consist of large-scale carbonate platforms.During the Paleozoic,faunal radiation reef biota diverged and thrived in diverse paleogeographic settings.Algal reefs of the Early Ordovician,Calathium-lithistid sponge-algal reefs of the late Early Ordovician to early Middle Ordovician,and coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs of the early Late Ordovician,indicate change from Cambrian to Paleozoic biota.Coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs were the basic communities after 100 Ma.The macroevolution of biotic struc-tures generally shows increased complexity;the evolution of China’s reef biota parallels that worldwide.Important aspects are:(1) The Calathium-algal reefs from the early Tremadocian Nantzinkuan Formation,Zhangjiajie,western Hunan are the pioneer reefs,and the Darriwillian Yijianfang Formation,Bachu are the relic reefs.(2) The bryozoan-dominated reefs of the late Tremadocian Fenhsiang Formation,Middle Yangtze Platform are unique.(3) The early coral-stromatoporoid-algal reefs are highly restricted in China.(4) The algal reefs from the latest Katian on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform,represent an abnormal reef-building environment during the initial stages of Gondwanan glaciations.