一种新的模糊决策树算法 ——基于加权毕达哥拉斯模糊熵

传统的模糊决策树虽然可以从模糊数据中抽取模糊分类规则,但只能获取节点的隶属度信息,无法得出样本数据对于节点的非隶属度和犹豫度信息,导致数据分类的准确率不高。针对此,基于毕达哥拉斯模糊集理论,提出了一种新的加权毕达哥拉斯模糊决策树算法（Weighted Pythagorean Fuzzy Decision Tree,WPFDT）。首先,通过改进的K-means聚类算法得到连续属性数据的聚类中心,并结合三角模糊数对连续数据进行模糊处理;其次,定义并计算每一个属性的加权毕达哥拉斯模糊熵,选择加权毕达哥拉斯模糊熵最小的属性作为决策树根节点,在根节点下递归选择模糊熵最小的属性作为分裂节点,同时通过阈值控制树的规模,得到从根节点到叶子节点路径的模糊规则以及模糊规则的隶属度、非隶属度以及犹豫度,并完成预测分类,直至生成WPFDT模型;最后,选取UCI上的3个医学数据集（Haberman、Breast Cancer、Parkinson）进行实验,在分类准确率和得出模糊规则的数量与3种传统决策树算法（模糊ID3算法、C4.5算法、CART算法）比较,实验结果表明：WPFDT在分类精度和树大小上都优于其他传统决策树算法,并且有较高的召回率和精确率。     

Disruption of mitochondrial function as the basis of the trypanocidal effect of trifluoperazine onTrypanosoma cruzi

Summary The tricyclic anti-calmodulin drug trifluoperazine (TFP) inhibited growth and motility of epimastigotes ofTrypanosoma cruzi, at concentrations lower than 100 M, and motility and infectivity of the bloodstream trypomastigote form at 200 M. Electron microscopy of TFP-treated epimastigotes showed that the major effect was at the mitochondrial level, with gross swelling and disorganization. The oligomycin-sensitive, mitochondrial ATPase was completely inhibited by 20 M TFP, and the same drug concentration caused a 60% decrease in intracellular ATP content. The results suggest that the trypanocidal effect of TFP may be related more to mitochondrial damage than to the well-known anticalmodulin effect of the drug.     

Morphological,biochemical and molecular changes during ectomycorrhiza development

Summary An ectomycorrhiza, a specialized root organ, is the result of a complex interaction leading to a finely-tuned symbiosis between a plant and a compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus. Ultrastructural observations combined with cytochemical and biochemical studies reveal that structural and metabolic changes in the symbiont cells lead to the final phenotype of the active ectomycorrhiza. In the present review these changes are interpreted as changes in gene expression and discussed within the context of ectomycorrhiza development. Recent genetic data indicate that the continued vegetative growth of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the root tissues, and their ability to switch to symbiotic organ formation, is basically controlled by developmentally critical genes. The activity of these symbiotic genes during the differentiation of ectomycorrhizas is associated with extensive changes in the concentration of particular polypeptides and protein biosynthesis. The present state of knowledge about the developmental biology of ectomycorrhizas allows only speculation about the events during their development.Puisant mes forces aux sources des galaxies En buvant la sève des arbres M. Jonasz