Reproductive pair correlations and the clustering of organisms.

Clustering of organisms can be a consequence of social behaviour, or of the response of individuals to chemical and physical cues. Environmental variability can also cause clustering: for example, marine turbulence transports plankton and produces chlorophyll concentration patterns in the upper ocean. Even in a homogeneous environment, nonlinear interactions between species can result in spontaneous pattern formation. Here we show that a population of independent, random-walking organisms ('brownian bugs'), reproducing by binary division and dying at constant rates, spontaneously aggregates. Using an individual-based model, we show that clusters form out of spatially homogeneous initial conditions without environmental variability, predator-prey interactions, kinesis or taxis. The clustering mechanism is reproductively driven-birth must always be adjacent to a living organism. This clustering can overwhelm diffusion and create non-poissonian correlations between pairs (parent and offspring) or organisms, leading to the emergence of patterns.     

中小企业技术创新的现状与对策

分析了中国中小企业技术创新的特点和现状,指出中小企业技术创新能力不高、缺乏技术创新的人才队伍、产学研合作机制不健全、融资渠道少等问题,提出重视中小企业技术创新人才的培养、优化金融环境、建立健全产学研合作机制、通过培育中介组织推动企业自主创新、选择适合企业实际情况的技术创新战略等措施.     

香港室内氡水平及其与建筑物表面氡析出率的关系

本文报导用活性炭盒吸附方法对香港室内氡浓度的测量结果及其浓度分布规律。对室内氡浓度与建筑物表面氡析出率的关系进行了分析研究。证实室内空气中的氡主要来源于建材中的镭,而氡浓度水平只决定于室内建筑物表面氡的析出率及通风状况。     

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to live recombinant BCG-HIV vaccines

Several viral and bacterial live recombinant vaccine vehicles are being developed to produce a new generation of vaccines against a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. The human tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has features that make it a particularly attractive live recombinant vaccine vehicle. BCG and other mycobacteria are highly effective adjuvants, and the immune response to mycobacteria has been studied extensively. With nearly two billion immunizations, BCG has a long record of safe use in man. It is one of the few vaccines that can be given at birth, it engenders long-lived immune responses with only a single dose, and there is a worldwide distribution network with experience in BCG vaccination. Recently developed molecular genetic tools and methods for mycobacteria have provided the means to introduce foreign genes into BCG. Here we report that a variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polypeptides can be expressed in BCG recombinants under the control of the mycobacterial hsp70 promoter and that the foreign polypeptides produced in BCG can induce antibody and T-cell responses. These results demonstrate that BCG can be used as a live recombinant vaccine vehicle to induce immune responses to pathogen proteins produced by the bacillus.     

New use of BCG for recombinant vaccines

BCG, a live attenuated tubercle bacillus, is the most widely used vaccine in the world and is also a useful vaccine vehicle for delivering protective antigens of multiple pathogens. Extrachromosomal and integrative expression vectors carrying the regulatory sequences for major BCG heat-shock proteins have been developed to allow expression of foreign antigens in BCG. These recombinant BCG strains can elicit long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses to foreign antigens in mice.     

人体经络复杂网络路由问题的求解

为了研究经络—免疫—神经—内分泌网络(jingluo-immune-nerve-endocrinenetwork)学说,采用复杂网络定义、模型、算法和理论,对穴位在经络中的信息传递方式、交互条件、路由途径、高导电性进行了测试和验证,建立了经络的复杂网络路由模型,证实了该网络的存在·信息物质沿经络路线传播,经络循行也有确定的方向和速度,确立了经络的基本功能是传递及调控生命信息物质为经络研究开辟了一条新的方法·     

互联网中的标准结构熵的时间演化分析

通过对Internet标准结构熵随时间变化规律的分析发现,Internet的标准结构熵具有随时间而逐渐降低的趋势,以riesling节点获得的Internet监测数据的计算结果为例,Internet标准结构熵从2000年4月的最大值0.379下降至2004年5月的0.318,月平均下降幅度为0.12%,即由高熵值拓扑结构向低熵值拓扑结构的状态变化.由此可知Internet的宏观拓扑结构在演化过程中存在着拓扑结构的信息代谢.     

基于VC和VIP的面向对象知识表示

知识表示是人工智能研究的基本问题之一。通过在 Visual C+ +的类中引入Visual Prolog的推理机制提出了一种基于 VC和 VIP的面向对象知识表示方法 ,完善了 Visual C+ +对象的推理功能 ,进一步增强了面向对象的知识表示能力以及 VisualProlog的接口和计算能力 ,并通过实验验证了方法的性能     

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol

Marine aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol load and consequently has an important impact on both the Earth's albedo and climate. So far, much of the focus on marine aerosol has centred on the production of aerosol from sea-salt and non-sea-salt sulphates. Recent field experiments, however, have shown that known aerosol production processes for inorganic species cannot account for the entire aerosol mass that occurs in submicrometre sizes. Several experimental studies have pointed to the presence of significant concentrations of organic matter in marine aerosol. There is some information available about the composition of organic matter, but the contribution of organic matter to marine aerosol, as a function of aerosol size, as well as its characterization as hydrophilic or hydrophobic, has been lacking. Here we measure the physical and chemical characteristics of submicrometre marine aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during plankton blooms progressing from spring through to autumn. We find that during bloom periods, the organic fraction dominates and contributes 63% to the submicrometre aerosol mass (about 45% is water-insoluble and about 18% water-soluble). In winter, when biological activity is at its lowest, the organic fraction decreases to 15%. Our model simulations indicate that organic matter can enhance the cloud droplet concentration by 15% to more than 100% and is therefore an important component of the aerosol-cloud-climate feedback system involving marine biota.