漠阳江水环境质量现状分析

为保护漠阳江水环境和保护饮用水源,对漠阳江水质基本情况展开调查,摸清漠阳江及其主要支流水环境质量现状。调查发现,漠阳江源头水质较好,但随着漠阳江经阳春城区和阳江城区后,水质有所恶化。分析原因,漠阳江目前最主要的污染源为生活污水。针对该情况,本文提出了漠阳江整治的相应建议。     

Seasonal variations and environmental controls on stalagmite calcite crystal growth in Heshang Cave,central China

Stalagmite growth rates are usually considered to reflect changes in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. However, how exactly growth rates are affected by climate and environment is still unclear. We launched a monitoring and modeling program that lasted approximately 4 years on two active drip sites in Heshang Cave, central China. We collected comprehensive quantitative data on growth rates, cave temperature, CO₂ concentration, drip rate and drip-water chemistry to better understand the relationship between stalagmite growth and cave environment. By laying out glass substrates, we successfully grew stalagmite calcite crystals with rhombic characteristics, and quantified growth rates by measuring the long and short axes of calcite crystals under a microscope. Combined with coeval environmental data, we explicitly examined the roles of cave temperature, drip rate and drip-water chemistry in controlling the micro-scale growth of stalagmite calcite. Results show that growth of stalagmite calcite crystals at two drip sites exhibited similar seasonal variations − generally faster in the summer months, at ∼3 μm d⁻¹, and slower during the late winter to early spring, at ∼1.5 μm d⁻¹. Variations in calcite growth rates were mainly determined by changes in cave temperature, with the growth rate increasing by 8.1%/°C and 6.6%/°C at the two locations. This indicates the potential use of stalagmite growth rates as a seasonal-resolution paleo-temperature proxy in some ventilated caves. On the other hand, the effect of drip rate and drip-water Ca²⁺ and SIC values on growth rates were not significant.     

PtCO分子结构与解析势能函数

用密度泛函理论的B3P86方法,对铂原子采用LANL2DZ收缩价基函数,碳原子和氧原子采用6-311G* 基组,对PtC,PtO和PtCO体系的结构进行优化,计算表明：PtC分子基态为1+态,键长为Re=0.16844nm,离解能为6.23725eV. PtO分子基态的平衡核间距为0.17486nm,其电子态为3-,离解能为3.84565eV,拟合得到Murrell-Sorbie势能函数;PtCO分子有两个线性稳定构型,其中一个构型为Pt-C≡O (C∞v),电子态为1+,平衡核间距为RPtC=0.17672nm,RCO=0.11464nm,离解能为14.46769 eV,另一个为Pt-O≡C (C∞v),电子态是1+,平衡核间距为RCO=0.11243nm,RPtO=0.21886nm,离解能为11.26729eV. 由微观过程的可逆性原理分析了分子的可能的离解极限,并用多体展式理论导出基态PtCO分子的势能函数,其等势面图准确地再现了PtCO分子的结构特征和离解能,由此讨论了Pt+CO, PtC+O, PtO+C分子反应的势能面静态特征.     

Near-field coupling and SERS effects of palladium nanoparticle dimers

The linear optical properties and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect of spherical palladium nanoparticle dimers are analyzed theoretically using generalized Mie theory. The calculation results demonstrate that the near-field coupling effect greatly influences the absorption, scattering and extinction spectra of nanoparticle dimers. The surface plasmon resonance wavelength red-shifts dramatically as the separation between nanoparticles decreases. Because of the near-field coupling between nanoparticles and the size effect, the maximum SERS enhancement factor at the ‘hot spot’ between palladium nanoparticle dimers is as high as 10⁷–10⁸, while the averaged SERS enhancement factor over the entire nanoparticle surface is in the range of 10⁵–10⁶. The deviation between the position of the peak in the extinction spectrum and the wavelength for maximum surface-averaged enhancement for the Pd nanoparticle dimers indicates that localized surface plasmon resonance has different influences on the far and near fields. These theoretical results may help to reveal the relationship between the far and near fields, as well as understand the mechanism of electromagnetic enhancement in the surface-enhanced scattering of transition metals.     

充气钻井环空弹状流稳态流动模型与实例验证

国内外针对弹状流(段塞流)管流的力学模型研究很少,且计算误差较大,无法应用于钻井工程。为此,针对充气钻井开展环空气液弹状流稳态力学模型研究,可准确预测和设计井筒流体参数。首先,借鉴国外研究成果,对钻井气液两相管流型态进行描述分析,推导出环空弹状流与泡状流的转换判别关系式,认为环空充气钻井液主要出现泡状流和弹状流两种流型,且充气钻井井深小于300 m的环空内为弹状流。然后,建立环空弹状流单元的物理模型,并对其流动参数进行解析计算。依据管流机械能守恒定律,建立充气钻井环空弹状流稳态力学模型,并给出数值解法。通过两井连通充气钻水平井(DNP02井)的实钻模拟,计算出的环空流动参数与现场实测数据非常吻合,误差小于5%。证实模型的理论体系完整,计算结果满足钻井工程需求,具有很好的通用性。     

基于MCS的多状态复杂系统可靠性评估

同时考虑了部件选择性失效传播引起的共因失效以及系统的不完全保护,提出了一种面向多状态复杂系统的基于蒙特卡洛模拟(MCS)的可靠性评估算法.传统方法只能解决可以转化为串、并联结构的简单系统的可靠性评估问题,而本文提出的算法打破了这种限制,使得其应用范围更加广泛.最后,通过两个示例说明了算法的有效性以及其因失效与不完全保护对系统可靠性的影响.     

不同自然盐渍生境下盐地碱蓬叶片色素积累及光合特性的研究

本文以黄河三角洲内地重盐碱地和海边潮间带两种乍境下的盐地碱蓬为材料,比较不同生境对盐地碱蓬色素积累和相关光合指标的影响.结果表明:海边生境的盐地碱蓬叶片中甜菜红素的含量显著高于内地生境条件下的,而叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量显著低于内地生境条件下的.内地生境盐地碱蓬功能叶片净光合速率,Fu/Fm,ΦPSⅡ均显著高于海边生境的功能叶片.说明海边生境的盐地碱蓬可能通过调节叶片中不同色素的含量,改变光合特性,适应综合逆境.     

从碱性腐蚀液中回收锗的实验探究

用沉淀法将碱性腐蚀液中的锗进行沉淀富集回收,对锗回收的适宜的实验条件进行实验探究.讨论了沉淀剂种类及用量,实验温度,碱性腐蚀液的pH值,沉淀时间等因素对锗的回收率的影响.结果表明:在常温下,以FeCl3 为沉淀剂,碱性腐蚀液的起始pH值为6.5,沉淀时间为90 min时,锗的回收率达到了80%以上.     

Research on subsidence method aided by water injection and its engineering application for the north anchor of Taizhou Bridge

The north anchorage caisson of Taizhou Bridge encountered some difficulties during the sinking process for the large sidewall frictional resistances. To solve this problem, a new concept and method called subsidence method aided by water injection is proposed. Numeral analysis is adopted to simulate the effects of this method for the north anchor of Taizhou Bridge, which confirmed the feasibility and validity. Finally, the method is applied to the north anchor caisson during the caisson sinking procedure and helps the caisson sink and embed to the designed position smoothly.     

1965-2013年黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征

基于黄土高原地区52个气象站点1965-2013年逐日降水数据,辅以一元线性趋势分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall检验及反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法,本文分析了黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征.结果表明:1)时间上,持续性指标和强度指标中除降水强度(SDⅡ)外均呈现减小的趋势;绝对指标和相对指标中除R10 mm降水日数(R10 mm)外,其他指数均呈现增加的趋势,但均未通过0.05显著性水平检验.2)空间上,就持续性指标来看,连续无雨日数(CDD)增加趋势最大的位于区域Ⅲ,连续降水日数(CWD)和年降水总量(PRCPTOT)在区域Ⅱ的北部的增幅最大;强度指标中,1d最大降水量(RX1 day)和5d最大降水量(RX5 day)在区域Ⅱ的中部和北部增幅最大,SDⅡ增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域工和区域Ⅱ的北部地区;绝对指标中,R10 mm、R20 mm降水日数(R20 mm)和R25 mm降水日数(R25 mm)的趋势变化呈由南向北增加的趋势;相对指标中,异常降水日数(R95p)和极端降水日数(R99p)增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域Ⅱ.3)CDD与经度、纬度呈显著的负相关,年降水总量(PRCPTOT)、R10 mm和R25 mm与纬度呈显著正相关,其他极端降水指数与经纬度和海拔高度的相关性不显著.4)主成分分析的结果表明2类极端降水指数的总贡献率达到80.73％,除CDD外,其他极端降水指数与PRCPTOT均具有良好的相关性,且均通过了0.01显著性水平检验.5)Hurst指数结果表明黄土高原地区CDD、SDⅡ、R10 mm、R20 mm和R25 mm极端降水指数变化均呈反向变化特征,其他极端降水指数呈同向变化特征.