全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4411篇 |
免费 | 24篇 |
国内免费 | 62篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 27篇 |
丛书文集 | 83篇 |
教育与普及 | 64篇 |
理论与方法论 | 5篇 |
现状及发展 | 1970篇 |
研究方法 | 199篇 |
综合类 | 2137篇 |
自然研究 | 12篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 40篇 |
2017年 | 30篇 |
2012年 | 57篇 |
2011年 | 86篇 |
2010年 | 38篇 |
2009年 | 104篇 |
2008年 | 87篇 |
2007年 | 116篇 |
2006年 | 71篇 |
2005年 | 117篇 |
2004年 | 131篇 |
2003年 | 82篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 218篇 |
2000年 | 193篇 |
1999年 | 141篇 |
1998年 | 32篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 30篇 |
1992年 | 100篇 |
1991年 | 90篇 |
1990年 | 92篇 |
1989年 | 70篇 |
1988年 | 78篇 |
1987年 | 80篇 |
1986年 | 59篇 |
1985年 | 98篇 |
1984年 | 81篇 |
1983年 | 62篇 |
1982年 | 65篇 |
1981年 | 59篇 |
1980年 | 75篇 |
1979年 | 146篇 |
1978年 | 134篇 |
1977年 | 107篇 |
1976年 | 79篇 |
1975年 | 73篇 |
1974年 | 98篇 |
1973年 | 103篇 |
1972年 | 89篇 |
1971年 | 111篇 |
1970年 | 100篇 |
1969年 | 96篇 |
1968年 | 95篇 |
1967年 | 87篇 |
1966年 | 86篇 |
1965年 | 58篇 |
1958年 | 41篇 |
1957年 | 32篇 |
1956年 | 29篇 |
排序方式: 共有4497条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
241.
Nanoscale structures need to be arranged into well-defined configurations in order to build integrated systems. Here we use a chemical-vapour deposition method with gas-phase catalyst delivery to direct the assembly of carbon nanotubes in a variety of predetermined orientations onto silicon/silica substrates, building them into one-, two- and three-dimensional arrangements. The preference of nanotubes to grow selectively on and normal to silica surfaces forces them to inherit the lithographically machined template topography of their substrates, allowing the sites of nucleation and the direction of growth to be controlled. 相似文献
242.
243.
The pathophysiologic pathways and clinical expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are not well understood. This is mainly the result of the heteroplasmic nature of most pathogenic mtDNA mutations and of the absence of clinically relevant animal models with mtDNA mutations. mtDNA mutations predisposing to hearing impairment in humans are generally homoplasmic, yet some individuals with these mutations have severe hearing loss, whereas their maternal relatives with the identical mtDNA mutation have normal hearing. Epidemiologic, biochemical and genetic data indicate that nuclear genes are often the main determinants of these differences in phenotype. To identify a mouse model for maternally inherited hearing loss, we screened reciprocal backcrosses of three inbred mouse strains, A/J, NOD/LtJ and SKH2/J, with age-related hearing loss (AHL). In the (A/J x CAST/Ei) x A/J backcross, mtDNA derived from the A/J strain exerted a significant detrimental effect on hearing when compared with mtDNA from the CAST/Ei strain. This effect was not seen in the (NOD/LtJ x CAST/Ei) x NOD/LtJ and (SKH2/J x CAST/Ei) x SKH2/J backcrosses. Genotyping revealed that this effect was seen only in mice homozygous for the A/J allele at the Ahl locus on mouse chromosome 10. Sequencing of the mitochondrial genome in the three inbred strains revealed a single nucleotide insertion in the tRNA-Arg gene (mt-Tr) as the probable mediator of the mitochondrial effect. This is the first mouse model with a naturally occurring mtDNA mutation affecting a clinical phenotype, and it provides an experimental model to dissect the pathophysiologic processes connecting mtDNA mutations to hearing loss. 相似文献
244.
A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
Zhang K Kniazeva M Han M Li W Yu Z Yang Z Li Y Metzker ML Allikmets R Zack DJ Kakuk LE Lagali PS Wong PW MacDonald IM Sieving PA Figueroa DJ Austin CP Gould RJ Ayyagari R Petrukhin K 《Nature genetics》2001,27(1):89-93
Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3, MIM 600110) and autosomal dominant macular dystrophy (adMD) are inherited forms of macular degeneration characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular atrophy and extensive fundus flecks. Genetic mapping data suggest that mutations in a single gene may be responsible for both conditions, already known to bear clinical resemblance. Here we limit the minimum genetic region for STGD3 and adMD to a 0.6-cM interval by recombination breakpoint mapping and identify a single 5-bp deletion within the protein-coding region of a new retinal photoreceptor-specific gene, ELOVL4, in all affected members of STGD3 and adMD families. Bioinformatic analysis of ELOVL4 revealed that it has homology to a group of yeast proteins that function in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids. Our results are therefore the first to implicate the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of inherited macular degeneration. 相似文献
245.
Marth G Yeh R Minton M Donaldson R Li Q Duan S Davenport R Miller RD Kwok PY 《Nature genetics》2001,27(4):371-372
There is a concerted effort by a number of public and private groups to identify a large set of human single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). As of March 2001, 2.84 million SNPs have been deposited in the public database, dbSNP, at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/). The 2.84 million SNPs can be grouped into 1.65 million non-redundant SNPs. As part of the International SNP Map Working Group, we recently published a high-density SNP map of the human genome consisting of 1.42 million SNPs (ref. 3). In addition, numerous SNPs are maintained in proprietary databases. Our survey of more than 1,200 SNPs indicates that more than 80% of TSC and Washington University candidate SNPs are polymorphic and that approximately 50% of the candidate SNPs from these two sources are common SNPs (with minor allele frequency of > or =20%) in any given population. 相似文献
246.
247.
Larbalestier DC Cooley LD Rikel MO Polyanskii AA Jiang J Patnaik S Cai XY Feldmann DM Gurevich A Squitieri AA Naus MT Eom CB Hellstrom EE Cava RJ Regan KA Rogado N Hayward MA He T Slusky JS Khalifah P Inumaru K Haas M 《Nature》2001,410(6825):186-189
The discovery of superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride, MgB2, raises many issues, a critical one being whether this material resembles a high-temperature copper oxide superconductor or a low-temperature metallic superconductor in terms of its behaviour in strong magnetic fields. Although the copper oxides exhibit very high transition temperatures, their in-field performance is compromized by their large anisotropy, the result of which is to restrict high bulk current densities to a region much less than the full magnetic-field-temperature (H-T) space over which superconductivity is found. Moreover, the weak coupling across grain boundaries makes transport current densities in untextured polycrystalline samples low and strongly sensitive to magnetic field. Here we report that, despite the multiphase, untextured, microscale, subdivided nature of our MgB2 samples, supercurrents flow throughout the material without exhibiting strong sensitivity to weak magnetic fields. Our combined magnetization, magneto-optical, microscopy and X-ray investigations show that the supercurrent density is mostly determined by flux pinning, rather than by the grain boundary connectivity. Our results therefore suggest that this new superconductor class is not compromized by weak-link problems, a conclusion of significance for practical applications if higher temperature analogues of this compound can be discovered. 相似文献
248.
Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
According to Milankovitch theory, the lower summer insolation at high latitudes about 115,000 years ago allowed winter snow to persist throughout summer, leading to ice-sheet build-up and glaciation. But attempts to simulate the last glaciation using global atmospheric models have failed to produce this outcome when forced by insolation changes only. These results point towards the importance of feedback effects-for example, through changes in vegetation or the ocean circulation-for the amplification of solar forcing. Here we present a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model of the last glaciation that produces a build-up of perennial snow cover at known locations of ice sheets during this period. We show that ocean feedbacks lead to a cooling of the high northern latitudes, along with an increase in atmospheric moisture transport from the Equator to the poles. These changes agree with available geological data and, together, they lead to an increased delivery of snow to high northern latitudes. The mechanism we present explains the onset of glaciation-which would be amplified by changes in vegetation-in response to weak orbital forcing. 相似文献
249.
Covalent inhibition revealed by the crystal structure of the caspase-8/p35 complex 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process that is crucial for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The p35 protein from baculoviruses effectively prevents apoptosis by its broad-spectrum caspase inhibition. Here we report the crystal structure of p35 in complex with human caspase-8 at 3.0 A resolution, and biochemical and mutagenesis studies based on the structural information. The structure reveals that the caspase is inhibited in the active site through a covalent thioester linkage to p35, which we confirmed by gel electrophoresis, hydroxylamine treatment and mass spectrometry experiments. The p35 protein undergoes dramatic conformational changes on cleavage by the caspase. The repositioning of the amino terminus of p35 into the active site of the caspase eliminates solvent accessibility of the catalytic dyad. This may be crucial for preventing hydrolysis of the thioester intermediate, which is supported by the abrogation of inhibitory activity through mutations at the N terminus of p35. The p35 protein also makes conserved contacts with the caspase outside the active-site region, providing the molecular basis for the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of this protein. We demonstrate a new molecular mechanism of caspase inhibition, as well as protease inhibition in general. 相似文献
250.
Siddiqa A Sims-Mourtada JC Guzman-Rojas L Rangel R Guret C Madrid-Marina V Sun Y Martinez-Valdez H 《Nature》2001,410(6826):383-387