水平管外液膜液滴作用下的蒸汽流动特性

为研究水平管外液体和气体相互作用下的两相流动特性,选择蒸发器中广泛应用的转角正方形排列管束为物理模型,采用流体体积函数(VOF)方法追踪气液界面,提出液体在管间以液滴形式存在的模型假设,结合管间空隙率数据来初始化水平管外液膜厚度和液滴直径,模拟蒸汽在管外液膜和管间液滴作用下的流动过程,分析气液两相的压力场和速度场.结果表明:小喷淋密度下,进出口压降计算值和实验吻合良好;在计算域内,下部区域压力值高于上部区域,且最小压力分布在液滴附近的右下侧区域;压力分布的不均会造成液滴在下落过程中的变形.     

South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole

Venus has no seasons, slow rotation and a very massive atmosphere, which is mainly carbon dioxide with clouds primarily of sulphuric acid droplets. Infrared observations by previous missions to Venus revealed a bright 'dipole' feature surrounded by a cold 'collar' at its north pole. The polar dipole is a 'double-eye' feature at the centre of a vast vortex that rotates around the pole, and is possibly associated with rapid downwelling. The polar cold collar is a wide, shallow river of cold air that circulates around the polar vortex. One outstanding question has been whether the global circulation was symmetric, such that a dipole feature existed at the south pole. Here we report observations of Venus' south-polar region, where we have seen clouds with morphology much like those around the north pole, but rotating somewhat faster than the northern dipole. The vortex may extend down to the lower cloud layers that lie at about 50 km height and perhaps deeper. The spectroscopic properties of the clouds around the south pole are compatible with a sulphuric acid composition.     

Coherent zero-state and pi-state in an exciton-polariton condensate array

The effect of quantum statistics in quantum gases and liquids results in observable collective properties among many-particle systems. One prime example is Bose-Einstein condensation, whose onset in a quantum liquid leads to phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity. A Bose-Einstein condensate is generally defined as a macroscopic occupation of a single-particle quantum state, a phenomenon technically referred to as off-diagonal long-range order due to non-vanishing off-diagonal components of the single-particle density matrix. The wavefunction of the condensate is an order parameter whose phase is essential in characterizing the coherence and superfluid phenomena. The long-range spatial coherence leads to the existence of phase-locked multiple condensates in an array of superfluid helium, superconducting Josephson junctions or atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. Under certain circumstances, a quantum phase difference of pi is predicted to develop among weakly coupled Josephson junctions. Such a meta-stable pi-state was discovered in a weak link of superfluid 3He, which is characterized by a 'p-wave' order parameter. The possible existence of such a pi-state in weakly coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates has also been proposed, but remains undiscovered. Here we report the observation of spontaneous build-up of in-phase ('zero-state') and antiphase ('pi-state') 'superfluid' states in a solid-state system; an array of exciton-polariton condensates connected by weak periodic potential barriers within a semiconductor microcavity. These in-phase and antiphase states reflect the band structure of the one-dimensional polariton array and the dynamic characteristics of metastable exciton-polariton condensates.     

Exploitation of structural and regulatory diversity in glutamate racemases

Glutamate racemase is an enzyme essential to the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis pathway, and has therefore been considered as a target for antibacterial drug discovery. We characterized the glutamate racemases of several pathogenic bacteria using structural and biochemical approaches. Here we describe three distinct mechanisms of regulation for the family of glutamate racemases: allosteric activation by metabolic precursors, kinetic regulation through substrate inhibition, and D-glutamate recycling using a d-amino acid transaminase. In a search for selective inhibitors, we identified a series of uncompetitive inhibitors specifically targeting Helicobacter pylori glutamate racemase that bind to a cryptic allosteric site, and used these inhibitors to probe the mechanistic and dynamic features of the enzyme. These structural, kinetic and mutational studies provide insight into the physiological regulation of these essential enzymes and provide a basis for designing narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents.     

遥感估算植被覆盖度的角度效应分析

植被覆盖度是植被在地面的垂直投影面积占统计区总面积的百分比.由于植被反射的二向性特性,不同角度估算的植被覆盖度原则上不可比,另外,不同观测角度对应像元不同的采样面积,对于非均一地表这种面积差异引起的角度效应也非常显著.本文除了考虑植被的二向性反射,还重点模拟分析了由于像元的采样面积差异引起的角度效应及其带来的植被覆盖度估算误差.模拟结果表明:相比天顶观测,在倾斜40°观测时,对于作物和裸土混合,由于面积误差带来的红光波段反射率差异已高达56%,同时引起的植被覆盖度估算误差达到23%,因此研究植被覆盖度的角度效应问题很有必要.     

一件西周青铜壶的科学分析与保护修复

目的对一件锈蚀并残损的西周青铜壶进行科学分析和保护修复。方法采用了三维视频显微镜、X光机、XRD、XRF等仪器分析方法;运用物理和化学保护相结合的方法进行保护修复。结果通过一系列的科学分析表明该青铜壶是铜、锡、铅组成的合金,但是壶体和提梁使用了不同的原料;壶内部有铭文;表面覆盖有多种锈蚀产物,但未见有害锈。结论在科学分析结果的基础上,制定和实施相应的保护修复方案:表面清洗、稳定化处理、封护、提梁的补全与整形、作色,使得该件西周青铜壶得到了良好的修复和保护。     

压杆稳定可靠性优化设计

在稳定可靠性设计理论和优化设计方法的基础上,讨论了压杆稳定可靠性优化设计问题,提出了压 杆稳定可靠性优化设计的计算方法。在基本随机参数的前两阶矩已知的情况下,通过计算机程序可以实现压杆 稳定可靠性优化设计,迅速准确地得到压杆稳定可靠性优化设计信息。     

铁矿粉湿容量的概念及其在制粒过程中的应用

适宜的配水量对改善铁矿粉的制粒效果起重要作用。为建立一种简单易行、准确合理的方法,提出了铁矿粉湿容量的概念,即单位质量的矿物在自然堆积的状态下所能保持的最大含水量,并开发出相关测试设备。利用该方法对来自某实际生产过程中的5组混合料进行了测试,得到了每组混合料的湿容量。在实验室规模的设备上进行了5组混合料在不同配水量条件下的制粒实验,并对其透气性进行了检测,得到了每组原料的最佳配水量。对比每组混合料的湿容量和最佳配水量发现：两个参数之间具有很强的正相关性,湿容量大的混合料需要配加更多的水后料层才能达到最佳的制粒效果。还对料层的透气性和粒度分布关系做了讨论。实验发现随着加水量的增多,颗粒制粒后的粒度逐渐增大,料层的透气性先增大后减小。     

几种基因工程宿主菌异丁醇耐受能力的比较

对多种实验室常用的基因工程宿主菌(大肠杆菌、酵母菌、农杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等)在不同质量浓度丁醇培养基中比生长速率进行比较,发现原核微生物耐受丁醇的极限质量浓度为16 g/L,其中革兰氏阳性细菌枯草芽孢杆菌的生长特性优于常见的革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌和农杆菌;而真核微生物啤酒酵母在丁醇质量浓度为16 g/L时表现突出,相对比生长速率接近不加丁醇时的50%.鉴于枯草芽孢杆菌和啤酒酵母具有良好的丁醇耐受特性,在利用基因工程生产丁醇时,可以将它们作为基因工程的宿主菌,以解决一般宿主菌耐受丁醇质量浓度低的问题.