Turbo／MAP编译码器中的交织器优化设计

讨论采用软输出迭代译交织级联卷积码（Ｔｕｒｂｏ码）编译码器中的交织器优化设计问题．从基于最大后验概率（ＭＡＰ）算法与迭代译码的Ｔｕｒｂｏ码编译码原理出发,给出交织器设计的一些基本方法并分析其特点;提出“保奇偶”的随机交织器设计方案,它能有效地改善某些以提高编码效率为目的的“删余截短”Ｔｕｒｂｏ码的纠错性能．通过计算机仿真得出一些Ｔｕｒｂｏ码在加性高斯白噪声信道中采用不同交织器时的误码率数据,分析了交织类型和交织深度的变化对Ｔｕｒｂｏ码纠错性能的影响．针对Ｔｕｒｂｏ码的特点提出了在卫星通信等应用中交织器设计的实用性结论．     

浅谈网络语言在词汇层面上的变异

随着网络在中国的迅猛发展,一种新的社会方言———网络语言兴起并蓬勃发展。互联网的出现对我们的生活产生了巨大影响。网络语言是广泛应用于虚拟世界的信息符号。网络语言与现实语言相比,它受现实语言的制约,同时又反作用于现实语言。本文试图从词汇层面对网络语言进行浅析。     

Granzyme B is recovered by natural killer cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis

When they recognize a target cell, natural killer (NK) cells mount an attack to kill the target by exerting their cytotoxicity via the exocytosis of cytotoxic granules. Although the details of this process (which includes the movement of cytotoxic granules in the immune synapse and their fusion with the plasma membrane, releasing granzymes and perforin into the synaptic cleft) are relatively better understood, the post-exocytosis regulation of the process is still largely unknown. Here we show that a clathrin-dependent endocytosis stimulated by target cell occurs in NK92 cell line, which is closely correlated with granzyme B recovery. Inhibition of the endocytosis significantly attenuates the cytotoxicity of NK92 cells. The NK cell recovery of its released effector molecules, in turn, suggests that endocytosis may well play a key role in the post exocytosis regulation of immune cells.     

A genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies new susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis

To identify susceptibility loci for ankylosing spondylitis, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study in Han Chinese. In the discovery stage, we analyzed 1,356,350 autosomal SNPs in 1,837 individuals with ankylosing spondylitis and 4,231 controls; in the validation stage, we analyzed 30 suggestive SNPs in an additional 2,100 affected individuals and 3,496 controls. We identified two new susceptibility loci between EDIL3 and HAPLN1 at 5q14.3 (rs4552569; P = 8.77 × 10(-10)) and within ANO6 at 12q12 (rs17095830; P = 1.63 × 10(-8)). We also confirmed previously reported associations in Europeans within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (top SNP, rs13202464; P < 5 × 10(-324)) and at 2p15 (rs10865331; P = 1.98 × 10(-8)). We show that rs13202464 within the MHC region mainly represents the risk effect of HLA-B*27 variants (including HLA-B*2704, HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*2715) in Chinese. The two newly discovered loci implicate genes related to bone formation and cartilage development, suggesting their potential involvement in the etiology of ankylosing spondylitis.     

Mutations in NMNAT1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and identify a new disease pathway for retinal degeneration

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a blinding retinal disease that presents within the first year after birth. Using exome sequencing, we identified mutations in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthase gene NMNAT1 encoding nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 in eight families with LCA, including the family in which LCA was originally linked to the LCA9 locus. Notably, all individuals with NMNAT1 mutations also have macular colobomas, which are severe degenerative entities of the central retina (fovea) devoid of tissue and photoreceptors. Functional assays of the proteins encoded by the mutant alleles identified in our study showed that the mutations reduce the enzymatic activity of NMNAT1 in NAD biosynthesis and affect protein folding. Of note, recent characterization of the slow Wallerian degeneration (Wld(s)) mouse model, in which prolonged axonal survival after injury is observed, identified NMNAT1 as a neuroprotective protein when ectopically expressed. Our findings identify a new disease mechanism underlying LCA and provide the first link between endogenous NMNAT1 dysfunction and a human nervous system disorder.     

Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling genes in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common type of bladder cancer. Here we sequenced the exomes of nine individuals with TCC and screened all the somatically mutated genes in a prevalence set of 88 additional individuals with TCC with different tumor stages and grades. In our study, we discovered a variety of genes previously unknown to be mutated in TCC. Notably, we identified genetic aberrations of the chromatin remodeling genes (UTX, MLL-MLL3, CREBBP-EP300, NCOR1, ARID1A and CHD6) in 59% of our 97 subjects with TCC. Of these genes, we showed UTX to be altered substantially more frequently in tumors of low stages and grades, highlighting its potential role in the classification and diagnosis of bladder cancer. Our results provide an overview of the genetic basis of TCC and suggest that aberration of chromatin regulation might be a hallmark of bladder cancer.     

不确定条件下纵向研发合作的投资决策研究

针对一个存在两个上游企业和两个下游企业的双层市场结构,对上下游企业实施纵向研发合作策略下的产量和利润进行了研究。并考虑了研发固有的不确定性和溢出效应的影响,从企业是否进行研发以及进行多大程度的研发两个方面,研究上下游企业实施纵向研发合作的投资决策。并在此基础上,探讨了企业研发成本分担比例和违约赔偿。     

改善供应链库存管理绩效的系统思考——以啤酒游戏为例

运用基于系统动力学的动态研究的方法,以啤酒游戏为例,从动态复杂性的视角,探讨了改善供应链库存管理绩效的影响因素和解决方案。认为"系统结构""控制策略"和"控制参数"是影响供应链库存管理绩效的3类要素,提出了调整订货周期匹配订货提前期的"结构性解决方案"、基于考虑已发出订单和在途货物量的"策略性解决方案"和基于参数控制的"操作性解决方案"。并且,通过系统仿真分析和人工试验,研究了这3类要素在集中控制和分散控制模式下对库存绩效的影响。结果表明,这3类解决方案在集中控制模式下的有效性依次递增,而在分散控制模式下的有效性依次递减。该结果展示了多级供应链库存系统的动态复杂性,以及系统思考在处理动态复杂性方面的重要性和有效性。     

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants

The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal in animals has been documented for over 60 years. In contrast, evidence that GABA is a signal in plants has only emerged in the last 15 years, and it was not until last year that a mechanism by which this could occur was identified—a plant ‘GABA receptor’ that inhibits anion passage through the aluminium-activated malate transporter family of proteins (ALMTs). ALMTs are multigenic, expressed in different organs and present on different membranes. We propose GABA regulation of ALMT activity could function as a signal that modulates plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, we compare and contrast the plant ‘GABA receptor’ with mammalian GABA_A receptors in terms of their molecular identity, predicted topology, mode of action, and signalling roles. We also explore the implications of the discovery that GABA modulates anion flux in plants, its role in signal transduction for the regulation of plant physiology, and predict the possibility that there are other GABA interaction sites in the N termini of ALMT proteins through in silico evolutionary coupling analysis; we also explore the potential interactions between GABA and other signalling molecules.