我国专利保险的困境与对策

专利保险作为知识产权与金融资源结合的产物,具有提升企业知识产权保护与运用能力,降低与化解企业创新风险的重要功能。但专利保险产品在我国的推广实践表明,受限于企业维权能力、知识产权保护意识以及保险产品设计等方面原因。企业对于专利保险的认可程度仍较为有限,引发了专利保险的进一步推广与普及的困境。针对上述原因提出具有针对性的工作方案,是推动专利保险充分发挥其功能的关键。     

An M/M/1 Queueing-Inventory System with Geometric Batch Demands and Lost Sales

This paper studies an M/M/1 queueing-inventory system with batch demands. Customers arrive in the system according to a compound Poisson process, where the size of the batch demands for each arrival is a random variable that follows a geometric distribution. The inventory is replenished according to the standard (s,S) policy. The replenishment time follows an exponential distribution. Two models are considered. In the first model, if the on-hand inventory is less than the size of the batch demands of an arrived customer, the customer takes away all the items in the inventory, and a part of the customer’s batch demands is lost. In the second model, if the on-hand inventory is less than the size of the batch demands of an arrived customer, the customer leaves without taking any item from the inventory, and all of the customer’s batch demands are lost. For these two models, the authors derive the stationary conditions of the system. Then, the authors derive the stationary distributions of the product-form of the joint queue length and the on-hand inventory process. Besides this, the authors obtain some important performance measures and the average cost functions by using these stationary distributions. The results are illustrated by numerical examples.     

Effects of Zn content on the microstructure and the mechanical and corrosion properties of as-cast low-alloyed Mg–Zn–Ca alloys

The effects of Zn content on the microstructure and the mechanical and corrosion properties of as-cast low-alloyed Mg–xZn–0.2Ca alloys (x=0.6wt%, 2.0wt%, 2.5wt%, hereafter denoted as 0.6Zn, 2.0Zn, and 2.5Zn alloys, respectively) are investigated. The results show that the Zn content not only influences grain refinement but also induces different phase precipitation behaviors. The as-cast microstructure of the 0.6Zn alloy is composed of α-Mg, Mg₂Ca, and Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases, whereas 2.0Zn and 2.5Zn alloys only contain α-Mg and Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Moreover, with increasing Zn content, both the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation to fracture first increase and then decrease. Among the three investigated alloys, the largest UTS (178 MPa) and the highest elongation to fracture (6.5%) are obtained for the 2.0Zn alloy. In addition, the corrosion rate increases with increasing Zn content. This paper provides an updated investigation of the alloy composition–microstructure–property relationships of different Zn-containing Mg–Zn–Ca alloys.     

Microstructural characterization and oxidation resistance of multicomponent equiatomic CoCrCuFeNi-TiO high-entropy alloy

CoCrCuFeNi-TiO was prepared by arc melting of the pure elements and Ti₂CO powder under an Ar atmosphere. Both CoCrCuFeNi and CoCrCuFeNi-TiO alloys are composed of a face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution, whereas the alloys of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO are basically composed of an fcc solid solution and TiO crystals. The microstructures of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO are identified as dendrite and interdendrite structures such as CoCrCuFeNi. The morphology of TiO is identified as an equiaxed crystal with a small amount of added Ti₂CO. By increasing the amount of Ti₂CO added, the TiO content was dramatically increased and part of the equiaxed crystals changed to a dendrite structure. A test of the oxidation resistance demonstrates that the oxidation resistance of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO is better than that of CoCrCuFeNi. However, as the TiO content increases further, a corresponding decrease is observed in the oxidation resistance.     

The hidden disintegration of cluster heterogeneity in Fe-based glass-forming alloy melt

The evolution of liquid metal at high temperature is known much less than their solid states. This is partially due to that the message concerning clusters, metastable phase or heterogeneity in liquid is usually too slight to be traced. Here, we shed some light on the nature of structural evolution of Fe-based glass-forming alloy during overheating process by the investigation of high-temperature melt viscometry and first principles simulations. It was found that a structural transition around 1400 ℃ occurred in the melts of initial homogeneous ingot, heterogeneous ingot and amorphous ribbons jointly, and was confirmed by the results from differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), and ab initio molecular dynamics(AIMD). Combining these results with Fe-Si-B ternary phase diagram and the melting characteristics of Fe-B compounds, it is safe to conclude that the disintegration of Fe_2B type clusters to Fe_3B-type clusters leads to the observed transition. These results offer a significant reference for the preparation and property control of Fe-based amorphous alloys.     

产品结构视角下的市场分割和定价策略

从产品结构的视角研究了两种具有替代效应且质量水平不同产品的最优定价策略及质量水平的变化给供应商和生产商带来的影响,分析了产品结构不同时利润以及市场份额的变化,探讨了消费者福利随质量水平变化的趋势. 研究结果表明: 虽然集中供应链的利润最大,但却牺牲了集成式产品的市场份额; 分散供应链背景下增大一种产品的模块化程度会减小该产品的市场份额,而提高一种产品的集成化程度可以使得产品线设计具有更大的灵活性,但会牺牲产品线中另一产品的市场份额. 最后通过算例分析了质量水平变化时供应商及生产商利润变化的情况,并发现消费者福利并不随质量水平单调增加,其变化趋势取决于消费者对质量的感知程度与价格变化之间的差值.     

国际基于立方星平台的空间科学发展态势及启示

 空间科学主要是基于航天器平台获取实验数据、实现科学发现的重大前沿基础研究。中国实施了"悟空""慧眼"等一批较大的科学卫星任务。阐述了国际上重要科学发现和成果，提出当前国际上已认识到立方星在空间探索与发现中的重要作用；总结了美欧等航天强国和机构已实施和论证的若干立方星科学探测计划及取得的有影响力的原创科学成果，以及中国立方星技术演示验证和商业航天已取得的进展；提出了中国空间科学界应进一步关注立方星的发展，利用立方星平台开展研究，与传统大中型空间科学卫星形成互补，增强并拓展相关领域的探测能力，有效降低任务难度并缩短研制周期，促进中国空间科学取得更多重大发现和突破。     

Performance Analyses of Production Inventory Systems Considering Service Time and Product Returns of Online Shopping

This paper considers a production inventory system with service time and product returns,dependent on the characteristics of online shopping behaviors. The customers arrive according to a Poisson process, in which the arriving customer requires an item in the inventory, as well as a server service that the service time is exponentially distributed. Moreover, there is one production facility to produce items according to(s, S) policy, and the production time also follows an exponential distribution. In the beginning, the stationary joint distribution is obtained in the product form for the queue length and the on-hand inventory level. Additionally, the resulting distribution is applied to derive some performance measures, which can be adopted to numerically calculate the optimal(s, S)policy. Finally, numerical analyses are processed to investigate the effects of some system parameters on the performance measures. The numerical results clearly indicate that the product return rate has a significantly monotonic effect on the optimal policy and optimal cost.     

保持中度生长势成为建筑外表面绿化的选择策略

针对建筑外表面绿化的特殊性提出了中度生长势概念,分析了生长势和绿化寿命的影响因素并提出了概念模型,进一步结合实验探讨了中度生长势的判定.研究结果将补充和丰富城市特殊生境绿化条件下的植物栽培养护理念,为实现节约、可持续的栽培养护模式,延长绿化生命周期提供指导.