不含K_3的图的周长(Ⅱ)

本文给出不含 K_3的2连通图 G 的周长的下界.     

Differential Notch signalling distinguishes neural stem cells from intermediate progenitors

During brain development, neurons and glia are generated from a germinal zone containing both neural stem cells (NSCs) and more limited intermediate neural progenitors (INPs). The signalling events that distinguish between these two proliferative neural cell types remain poorly understood. The Notch signalling pathway is known to maintain NSC character and to inhibit neurogenesis, although little is known about the role of Notch signalling in INPs. Here we show that both NSCs and INPs respond to Notch receptor activation, but that NSCs signal through the canonical Notch effector C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), whereas INPs have attenuated CBF1 signalling. Furthermore, whereas knockdown of CBF1 promotes the conversion of NSCs to INPs, activation of CBF1 is insufficient to convert INPs back to NSCs. Using both transgenic and transient in vivo reporter assays we show that NSCs and INPs coexist in the telencephalic ventricular zone and that they can be prospectively separated on the basis of CBF1 activity. Furthermore, using in vivo transplantation we show that whereas NSCs generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at similar frequencies, INPs are predominantly neurogenic. Together with previous work on haematopoietic stem cells, this study suggests that the use or blockade of the CBF1 cascade downstream of Notch is a general feature distinguishing stem cells from more limited progenitors in a variety of tissues.     

光肩星天牛产卵分泌物的化学成分分析

通过室内饲养产卵期光肩星天牛成虫并采集其产卵分泌物,对光肩星天牛产卵分泌物进行组分分析。利用烘干法、Bradford法、蒽酮比色法、茚三酮试剂显色法、SDS-PAGE对其组分中水、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的含量及蛋白质组分进行了测定。结果表明:光肩星天牛产卵分泌物组分中含水量为81.98%,蛋白质含量为4.14%,可溶性糖及游离氨基酸的含量依次为0.51%和0.06%(均为质量分数),蛋白质组分中主要蛋白的分子质量为107.1、86.7、62.2、47.5、39.0 ku,其中107.1～86.7 ku与47.5 ku为强谱带区。     

白藜芦醇对镉诱导HEK 293T细胞自噬与凋亡的影响

为了探究白藜芦醇与镉诱导人胚胎肾细胞293(HEK 293T)细胞自噬与凋亡之间的关系,本研究在已证明低浓度镉诱导细胞自噬,高浓度镉导致细胞凋亡的基础上,以HEK 293T细胞为研究对象,并分别与镉、白藜芦醇及各种抑制剂进行联合培养,利用免疫印记分析检测自噬标志蛋白LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、溶酶体标志蛋白cathepsin L...     

一种新的纯工况轮胎操稳模型

为使用较少的参数就可精确地表达具有强非线性的轮胎力学特性,通过对纯侧偏及纵滑轮胎力学特性试验数据的观察,引申出轮胎滑移刚度衰减曲线概念,进而提出了一种新的轮胎操稳特性表达方法,给出了纯工况时侧向力、纵向力及回正力矩的基本公式,并进行了建模结果与试验数据的对比.所提出的模型具有物理意义明确,参数少,精度高的特点.     

轮胎操稳非稳态特性建模的理论与方法

为合理表达非稳态工况下轮胎力学特性,基于当前工作点轮胎物理模型描述,提出了一种全新的轮胎非稳态特性建模方法,给出了模型求解流程,并展示了TMPT部分非稳态工况仿真结果.所提出的模型具有适用于任意非稳态工况、非恒定松弛长度、高速与低速特性统一表达的特点.     

动态需求下易腐品供应链系统中的博弈分析

针对时效性易腐品的特点和市场需求动态特性,研究了灰色不确定需求下二级链式时效性易腐品供应链系统中动态合作机制问题.在供应商和制造商之间的灰博弈模型的基础上,分析了在灰色不确定需求环境下,影响二者博弈结果的主要因素,并设计出使供应链系统中双方达到纳什均衡、供应链绩效最大化的最优策略和措施.最后通过实例对该模型的合理性与有效性进行了验证.     

2018年5月北京市啮齿类实验动物质量抽查的病理检测

目的 2018年5月本实验室对北京地区22家实验动物机构送检的400只啮齿类实验动物进行病理检测。根据检测结果对实验动物的饲养管理提出合理建议。方法 采取心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏、脾脏、大肠、小肠,制成石蜡切片或冰冻切片,经H.E.染色、PAS染色或油红O染色后置于光学显微镜观察,采集数码图像,记录结果。结果大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠有少数病例表现为肝细胞肿胀,肺脏、心脏局灶性炎性细胞浸润,大肠出现疑似球虫感染的病变;地鼠组织脏器均未见明显异常。结论 本次病理学抽检中的实验动物基本为健康状态,但需要加强和改善饲养管理条件。     

Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae

Effects of dietary nickel on apoptosis of hemocytes of the 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius were evaluated using flow cytometry and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) by feeding S. litura larvae with artificial diets amended with different concentrations of nickel (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for 3 generations. Results showed that the hemocyte apoptosis rate of the 1st generation larvae increased with the increasing nickel concentrations in diet, and the apoptosis rate in the treatment with 40 mg/kg nickel was significantly higher than that in other treatments. In the 2nd generation, the highest hemocytes apoptosis rate was recorded in the treatment of the larvae exposed to 5 mg/kg nickel. The apoptosis rates in the larvae stressed by higher concentrations of nickel were lower than that in control. The apoptosis rates in the larvae exposed to nickel for 3 generations showed similar concentration-responses with that in the 2nd generation. However, the apoptosis rates in the larvae stressed with higher levels of nickel were all significantly inhibited in comparison with that in control. Therefore, effects of nickel stress on apoptosis of S. litura larvae were related with the nickel concentration in diets and the larval generations that were stressed by nickel.     

蒙古沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性与土壤因子的相关性

为了探明蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围AM真菌物种多样性年际变化规律以及土壤因子的生态功能,于2012年7月和2013年7月从宁夏银川、沙坡头和甘肃民勤3个样地分别从O～10,10～20,20～30,30～40,40～50 cm 5个土层对沙冬青根围土样进行采集,共分离鉴定出AM真菌5属36种,其中,球囊霉属Glomus 16种,无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 13种,管柄囊霉属Funneliformis 3种,盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 3种,多孢囊霉属Diversispora 1种.不同样地和土壤深度,AM真菌种类组成、孢子密度和种丰度在年际间均有明显差异.相关性分析表明,孢子密度与土壤酸性磷酸酶和总球囊霉素显著正相关;种丰度与土壤脲酶、有机质和碱解氮显著正相关.主成分分析表明,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶是影响AM真菌物种多样性的主要因子.研究结果说明,AM真菌物种多样性及其分布规律可以用作检测和评价荒漠环境土壤状况的生态指标.