三羟甲基庚烷的合成

为制备新型芳香缓释聚氨酯微胶囊合成了两亲性单体三羟甲基庚烷。以氢氧化钠为催化剂,辛醛和甲醛在较低温度下发生羟醛缩合反应生成2,2-二羟甲基辛醛。提高温度后,2,2-二羟甲基辛醛与甲醛发生康尼扎罗反应生成三羟甲基庚烷。研究了催化剂种类和用量、原料配比、羟醛缩合和康尼扎罗反应温度和反应时间对三羟甲基庚烷摩尔产率的影响。结果表明,优化的合成三羟甲基庚烷的反应条件是n_甲醛/n_辛醛=4.5,n(NaOH)/n_辛醛=1.4,羟醛缩合反应温度和时间分别为35℃和240min,康尼扎罗反应温度和时间分别为55℃和180min,摩尔产率可达88%。用¹³C核磁共振谱表征了三羟甲基庚烷的化学结构。     

第一性原理研究TiH_2的结构和热力学性质

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,计算了TiH2原胞体系的晶体结构、电子结构和总能,获得了体系的稳定晶格常数、总体能量与体积的函数关系.并利用准谐德拜模型研究了在不同温度(T=0～1800K)和压力(P=0～140GPa)下TiH2的热力学性质,如弹性模量与压强,热熔与温度,热膨胀系数与温度或压力的变化关系.结果表明:TiH2的晶格常数与实验值符合较好;在一定温度下,相对体积、热熔随着压强的增加而减少,德拜温度、弹性模量随着压强的增加而增加;而定容热容CV随温度升高而升高,高压下温度对TiH2热膨胀系数的影响小于压强对热膨胀系数的影响.     

热态气-液-固三相搅拌反应槽的气-液分散特性

在直径为0.476m椭圆底搅拌槽内,以空气-去离子水-玻璃珠为实验物系,选用HEDT+WHU组合桨型,在体系温度为80～82℃时,研究热态体系中固相浓度、搅拌转速、通气流量等操作条件对气-液-固三相体系的功率消耗及气含率的影响规律。研究结果表明：在其它条件相同的情况下,热态的相对功率消耗(K)明显高于常温体系,而固相浓度对K影响不大。热态的气-固-液三相体系的气含率明显小于常温体系,但随着固含率的增加,两者气含率的差异逐渐变小。与常温体系中固体颗粒的存在对气含率基本无影响的规律不同,热态的气含率随固相浓度的增加而增加。     

Synthesis of LiFePO4 in situ vapor-grown carbon fiber （VGCF） composite cathode material via microwave pyrolysis chemical vapor deposition

One of the most important factors that limits the use of LiFePO 4 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries is its low electronic conductivity.In order to solve this problem,LiFePO 4 in situ vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) composite cathode material has been prepared in a single step through microwave pyrolysis chemical vapor deposition.The phase,microstructure,and electrochemical performance of the composites were investigated.Compared with the cathodes without in situ VGCF,the initial discharge capacity of the composite electrode increases from 109 to 144 mA h g-1 at a 0.5-C rate,and the total electric resistance decreases from 538 to 66.The possible reasons for these effects are proposed.     

Multiple transgenes Populus xeuramericana ''''Guariento'''' plants obtained by biolistic bombardment

A JERF36 regulation gene, a selection marker gene (NPT-II), and the foreign genes levansucrase (SacB), Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb), and Binary coleopterus insect resistance (BtCry3A OC-I) were co-transferred into Populus xeuramericana 'Guariento' using biolistic bombardment; 25 kanamycin resistant plants were obtained. The results of PCR and Southern hybridization showed that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of P. xeuramericana 'Guariento' and 5 genes were all transferred into 7 poplar plants. The results of a BtCry3A ELISA experiment indicated that the BtCry3A gene was expressed in the 7 transgenic poplar plants, and these plants grew well on coastal saline land.     

Detecting positive darwinian selection in brain-expressed genes during human evolution

To understand the genetic basis that underlies the phenotypic divergence between human and non- human primates, we screened a total of 7176 protein-coding genes expressed in the human brain and compared them with the chimpanzee orthologs to identify genes that show evidence of rapid evolution in the human lineage. Our results showed that the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution (Ka/Ks) ratio for genes expressed in the brain of human and chimpanzee is 0.3854, suggesting that the brain-expressed genes are under functional constraint. The X-linked human brain-expressed genes evolved more rapidly than autosomal ones. We further dissected the molecular evolutionary patterns of 34 candidate genes by sequencing representative primate species to identify lineage-specific adaptive evolution. Fifteen out of the 34 candidate genes showed evidence of positive Darwinian selection in human and/or chimpanzee lineages. These genes are predicted to play diverse functional roles in em- bryonic development, spermatogenesis and male fertility, signal transduction, sensory nociception, and neural function. This study together with others demonstrated the usefulness and power of phy- logenetic comparison of multiple closely related species in detecting lineage-specific adaptive evolu- tion, and the identification of the positively selected brain-expressed genes may add new knowledge to the understanding of molecular mechanism of human origin.     

"存在"外的存在--昆德拉小说中的"可能"世界

20世纪的文学主潮是现代主义，现代主义核心的美学追求是反叛性、先锋性、试验性，是对既有文学规范的颠覆。昆德拉在传承现代小说的共有特点的同时，以思索存在的视角，在哲学的终点处建立了自己的起点，展示了未来小说的前景以及小说样式的多种可能性，把小说的疆域从现实的维度拓展到可能性的维度。     

Monitor and control of neuronal activities with femtosecond pulse laser

Combined with the fluorescence labeling technique, two-photon microscopy excited with femtosecond pulse laser has become an important tool for neuroscience research. In this research, the calcium signals from neurons in rat cortex slice were monitored by a custom-built two-photon microscopy, and the spontaneous calcium signals and the pharmacological responses as well as the responses to femtosecond pulse laser stimulation were recorded. The results showed that the amplitude of the cal- cium signals increased in direct proportion to the corresponding electrical activities. Glutamate induced a calcium transient, but continuous application resulted in smaller response. Simultaneous monitoring of neuronal populations distinguished the neurons of different microcircuits. The femtosecond pulse laser induced local or global calcium signals in the pyramidal neurons. The approach of interrogation and control of neural activities using femtosecond pulse laser is non-contact, nondestructive, repeatable, and without any additional substrates, which will contribute to the development of neuroscience.     

Feasibility of poplar foliages as bio-monitors for organochlorine pesticides in air

The feasibility of poplar (P. tomentosa) foliages as passive biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides in air was explored. The accumulation patterns of poplar foliages for HCHs, DDTs and HCB were similar, the amount of HCHs, DDTs and HCB increased with foliage growth in spring, and decreased thereafter. There was no obvious distinction in the accumulation styles between the adult leaf and the leaf-litter. This accumulation pattern is likely related to the growing process of the poplar foliage, and was observed for the first time in our work, giving an evidence for the “bud burst effect” in plants. The technical HCH and DDT were used largely in history and not used in recent years, but there was a little usage of lindane and new input of o,p’-DDT in recent years, and dicofol usage may be the main source of o,p’-DDT. Concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB in poplar foliages were similar to those in pine needles at the corresponding period, and there is a positive strong correlation between OCP concentration data of two kinds of trees. It presents no difference in the accumulation style between two kinds of trees. The level of OCPs in the poplar foliage reflected the pollution status of OCPs in air. The result of this work showed that the poplar foliage can be used as the bio-monitor of OCPs in air. Supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2003CB415003)     

Diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau

The exchange of energy and water between the lithosphere and atmosphere mainly takes place at the ground surface. Therefore, freeze/thaw condition at the ground surface is an important factor in ex- amining the interactions between the land surface and atmosphere. Based on the observation data obtained by CEOP/CAMP-Tibet, the diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface near Naqu, central Tibetan Plateau was preliminarily analyzed. The results show that the surface layer was completely frozen for approximately one month. However, the time that the ground surface experienced diurnal freeze/thaw cycles was about 6 months. The high frequency of freeze/thaw cycles at the ground surface significantly influences water and energy exchanges between ground and atmosphere over half a year. The interaction processes between the ground and atmosphere under different soil conditions (such as complete thaw, complete freeze and diurnal freeze/thaw cycles) are issues worthy of further examina- tion.