指纹识别系统的分析与研究

介绍了一种新型的指纹识别装置(晶体传感器的指纹识别装置)，并借此分析和研究了指纹识别系统的识别原理和设计方法，这些原理和方法对指导和优化指纹识别系统的设计提供了依据。     

陕北子洲黄土丘陵区古聚湫洪水沉积层的确定及其产沙模数的研究

陕北黄土丘陵区聚湫坝和淤地坝众多, 以子洲县黄土洼古聚湫为研究对象, 采集了总深度达12.73 m的沉积泥沙剖面样品. 根据泥沙粒度和孢粉浓度的变化, 将全剖面分为54个洪水沉积层. 并根据剖面中融冻扰动层的分布, 将54个洪水沉积层分为31个年度的洪水沉积层的组合. 根据锥台法计算, 每次暴雨洪水的产沙模数介于715.53~30376.47 t?km^-2, 平均7105.87 t?km^-2; 年产沙模数介于968.36~55579.37 t?(km²?a)^-1, 平均12629.49 t?(km2?a)^-1, 与淮宁河中游年输沙量相近, 表明该地区明代的土壤侵蚀强度与现代接近. 31个年度的后5年产沙模数急剧增加, 5年内的年均产沙模数达31309.12 t?(km²?a)^-1, 结合明代当地戍边屯垦的历史分析, 这一现象应为滑坡灾害发生后新的土地大开发所造成.     

河南荥阳薛村商代前期(公元前1500~1260年)埋藏古地震遗迹的发现及其意义

为配合南水北调工程建设, 2005~2006年河南省文物考古研究所在荥阳市薛村附近的南水北调工地进行抢救性考古发掘, 在薛村遗址揭露出大量的古地震遗迹, 主要有地堑、地裂缝和古代文化遗迹的错位等. 根据古地震遗迹与文化层(或灰坑)之间的相互关系, 初步判断古地震发生在商代前期, 大致时间在二里岗下层晚期到二里岗上层之间, 进而通过灰坑中木炭的AMS14C测年, 确定这次古地震发生在(2910±35)~(3165±35) a BP (或(3160±35) a BP)之间, 亦即日历年龄1260~1520 BC(或1510 BC)之间. 薛村史前地震遗迹迹象清楚, 年代确凿, 填补了中原地区这一阶段古地震记录的空白. 这一发现不仅加深了对史前地震的了解, 拓宽了古地震研究的内容和方法, 而且也为正在建设中的南水北调工程, 提供了重要的科学依据.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒流行株基因组进化分析

2009年4月, 北美地区出现甲型H1N1流感疫情, 并且疫情快速扩散至欧亚非三大洲, 风险等级上升至5级. 截止至5月13日, 甲型H1N1流感病毒已扩散至33个国家和地区, 实验室确认病例5728例, 死亡61人. 从NCBI的IRV和GISAID的EpiFluDB数据库下载甲型H1N1流感病毒序列425条, 进行序列比对与进化分析. 分析结果显示: (ⅰ) 当前流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒是一个三重排A型流感病毒: HA, NA, MP, NP和NS来源于猪流感病毒; PB2和PA来源于禽流感病毒; PB1来源于人流感病毒. (ⅱ) 猪流感病毒的来源可细分为: HA, NP和NS来源于H1N1亚型经典猪流感毒株; NA和MP来源于H1N1亚型禽源猪流感毒株. (ⅲ) 甲型H1N1流感病毒在流行扩散过程中没有显著变异, 同时病毒基因组没有发生重排. 本文除了分析美国代表毒株A/California/04/2009(H1N1)外, 还以墨西哥代表毒株A/Mexico/4486/2009(H1N1)为主进行了同源性和进化分析, 地理范围相对较大, 分析结果更具科学性.     

异源表达一个大豆Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因GmNHX2提高拟南芥的耐盐性

Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运蛋白调节细胞内的离子内平衡, 在植物耐盐性起重要的作用. 本研究克隆一个大豆Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运蛋白的同源基因GmNHX2, 编码一条长534氨基酸的多肽并预测有10个可能的跨膜结构域. GmNHX2在大豆的根、茎和叶中表达, 但在根中的丰度最高, 受NaCl和PEG (polyethylene glycol)处理的诱导表达. GmNHX2与LeNHX2和AtNHX2的序列相似性高于AtNHX1和AtSOS1. 尽管系统发育分析将GmNHX2与细胞器(液泡和囊泡)逆向转运蛋白聚成一类, 但亚细胞定位的结果表明GmNHX2-EGFP (enhanced green flurescent protein)融合蛋白可能位于植物细胞的质膜或细胞器膜上. 与野生型植株相比, 异源表达GmNHX2的拟南芥植株在萌发和幼苗期都更加耐高浓度的NaCl. 这些结果暗示, GmNHX2是一个Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白同源物, 可能在盐胁迫下执行调节离子内平衡的功能.     

Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma

Metastatic melanoma is a deadly cancer that fails to respond to conventional chemotherapy and is poorly understood at the molecular level. p53 mutations often occur in aggressive and chemoresistant cancers but are rarely observed in melanoma. Here we show that metastatic melanomas often lose Apaf-1, a cell-death effector that acts with cytochrome c and caspase-9 to mediate p53-dependent apoptosis. Loss of Apaf-1 expression is accompanied by allelic loss in metastatic melanomas, but can be recovered in melanoma cell lines by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza2dC). Apaf-1-negative melanomas are invariably chemoresistant and are unable to execute a typical apoptotic programme in response to p53 activation. Restoring physiological levels of Apaf-1 through gene transfer or 5aza2dC treatment markedly enhances chemosensitivity and rescues the apoptotic defects associated with Apaf-1 loss. We conclude that Apaf-1 is inactivated in metastatic melanomas, which leads to defects in the execution of apoptotic cell death. Apaf-1 loss may contribute to the low frequency of p53 mutations observed in this highly chemoresistant tumour type.     

Isotopic homogeneity of iron in the early solar nebula.

The chemical and isotopic homogeneity of the early solar nebula, and the processes producing fractionation during its evolution, are central issues of cosmochemistry. Studies of the relative abundance variations of three or more isotopes of an element can in principle determine if the initial reservoir of material was a homogeneous mixture or if it contained several distinct sources of precursor material. For example, widespread anomalies observed in the oxygen isotopes of meteorites have been interpreted as resulting from the mixing of a solid phase that was enriched in 16O with a gas phase in which 16O was depleted, or as an isotopic 'memory' of Galactic evolution. In either case, these anomalies are regarded as strong evidence that the early solar nebula was not initially homogeneous. Here we present measurements of the relative abundances of three iron isotopes in meteoritic and terrestrial samples. We show that significant variations of iron isotopes exist in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. But when plotted in a three-isotope diagram, all of the data for these Solar System materials fall on a single mass-fractionation line, showing that homogenization of iron isotopes occurred in the solar nebula before both planetesimal accretion and chondrule formation.     

A Theoretical Approach for Estimating Fracture Toughness of Ductile Metals

Fracture toughness is very important when applying Damage Tolerance Design and Assessment Techniques. The traditional testing approach for obtaining fracture toughness values is costly and time consuming. In order to estimate the fracture toughness of ductile metals, the fracture mechanics theory, materials plastic deformation theory and materials constructive relationships are employed here. A series of formulae and a theoretical approach are presented to calculate fracture toughness values of different materials in the plane stress and plane strain conditions. Compared with test results, evaluated values have a good agreement.