鱼类饲料配方及制作

在约300种养殖鱼类中,仅50种有营养学数据,不到10 种有完全的营养学数据.在饲料蛋白源中,鱼粉是鲑鳟鱼类饲料的主要蛋白源,蛋白质含量为60%～80 %.肉骨粉一般蛋白质含量为50 %左右,赖氨酸含量较鱼粉低.肉骨粉灰分含量可到30 %,限制了其在鱼类饲料中的应用.一般在鲑鳟鱼类饲料中用量不超过10 %,温水性鱼类饲料中用量不超过15 %.血粉蛋白质含量为80 %～86 %,是很好的赖氨酸来源,但缺乏蛋氨酸.血粉的适口性较差,在鲑鳟饲料中用量不超过10 %,温水性鱼类饲料中不超过5 %.肉骨-血粉混合物的营养成分与鱼粉接近,可完全替代沟鲶饲料中的鱼粉.鸡肉粉蛋白质含量为60 %～70 %,可替代鲑鳟饲料中10 %的鱼粉及温水性鱼类饲料中50 %的蛋白质.水解羽毛粉蛋白质含量约为85 %,但消化率较低.可替代鲑鳟及温水性鱼类饲料中10 %的蛋白质.鸡肉粉-羽毛粉混合物可替代虹鳟饲料中50 %的鱼粉.豆粕可替代虹鳟饲料中50 %的鱼粉蛋白,是温水性鱼类饲料的主要蛋白源.豆粕中存在一些抗营养因子.一般豆油提取过程可以分解大部分抗营养因子.一些报道表明进一步热处理可以提高豆粕的营养价值.经过热处理的全脂豆粉,如果添加蛋氨酸及赖氨酸,可以替代虹鳟及鲤鱼饲料中50 %～75 %的鱼粉.棉粕对鱼的适口性好,但缺少赖氨酸.除非添加赖氨酸,棉粕在温水性鱼类饲料中用量不应超过30 %.花生粕适口性好,但缺少赖氨酸.添加量超过20 %时,需添加赖氨酸.葵花子粕赖氨酸含量较低,可替代虹鳟饲料中40%的鱼粉及温水性鱼类饲料中20 %的鱼粉.低毒菜粕可替代虹鳟饲料中66 %的鱼粉.添加增味剂后,去植酸菜籽蛋白浓缩物可完全替代虹鳟饲料中的鱼粉.玉米面筋含42 %～60 %的蛋白质,添加水平在虹鳟饲料可达20 %,鲤鱼饲料可达10 %.酒精业副产物含27 %蛋白质,适口性好但赖氨酸含量低,添加水平在虹鳟饲料可达10 %,温水性鱼类饲料可达30 %.非营养因子也会影响到饲料制作.如制作膨化饲料需至少25 %的谷类原料.棉粕含量过高会减缓挤压速度.非营养性添加剂包括黏合剂、类胡萝卜素、鱼药、激素、抗微生物及真菌制剂、抗氧化剂、增味剂,但不应在饲料中添加纤维素,其含量应尽量降低.饲料制作工艺包括蒸汽制粒及挤压.挤压可制作浮性、沉性及缓沉性饲料,并能提高消化率,但会分解一些维生素.     

Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA

The human genome contains many dispersed tandem-repetitive 'minisatellite' regions detected via a shared 10-15-base pair 'core' sequence similar to the generalized recombination signal (chi) of Escherichia coli. Many minisatellites are highly polymorphic due to allelic variation in repeat copy number in the minisatellite. A probe based on a tandem-repeat of the core sequence can detect many highly variable loci simultaneously and can provide an individual-specific DNA 'fingerprint' of general use in human genetic analysis.     

Polyreactivity increases the apparent affinity of anti-HIV antibodies by heteroligation

During immune responses, antibodies are selected for their ability to bind to foreign antigens with high affinity, in part by their ability to undergo homotypic bivalent binding. However, this type of binding is not always possible. For example, the small number of gp140 glycoprotein spikes displayed on the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disfavours homotypic bivalent antibody binding. Here we show that during the human antibody response to HIV, somatic mutations that increase antibody affinity also increase breadth and neutralizing potency. Surprisingly, the responding naive and memory B cells produce polyreactive antibodies, which are capable of bivalent heteroligation between one high-affinity anti-HIV-gp140 combining site and a second low-affinity site on another molecular structure on HIV. Although cross-reactivity to self-antigens or polyreactivity is strongly selected against during B-cell development, it is a common serologic feature of certain infections in humans, including HIV, Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C virus. Seventy-five per cent of the 134 monoclonal anti-HIV-gp140 antibodies cloned from six patients with high titres of neutralizing antibodies are polyreactive. Despite the low affinity of the polyreactive combining site, heteroligation demonstrably increases the apparent affinity of polyreactive antibodies to HIV.     

Historical review and redescription of three poorly known species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from south-eastern Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

ABSTRACT

This study is primarily directed to the most poorly known species of the genus Trichomycterus, comprising five nominal species (T. florensis, T. immaculatus, T. nigricans, T. paquequerensis and T. santaeritae) endemic to south-eastern Brazil. One of them, T. nigricans, is the type species of the genus, involved in taxonomic problems for over 150 years. A detailed historical review, accompanied by examination of type specimens and recent collections, revealed that the correct type locality of T. nigricans is in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, not Santa Catarina as commonly appears in the literature; specimens previously misidentified as T. nigricans from Santa Catarina belong to a possibly undescribed species of the genus Cambeva; T. paquequerensis is a synonym of T. immaculatus, and T. florensis is a synonym of T. santaeritae; and the hypothesis that T. santaeritae is closely related to the Amazon Sarcoglanidinae is refuted. The three valid species are redescribed. These species are members of a clade also including T. caipora that is highly supported by molecular data, diagnosed by a pronounced posterior maxillary process and caudal fin emarginate at least in larger specimens. A subclade comprising T. caipora, T. nigricans and T. santaeritae is diagnosed by a long maxilla and a bifid anterior extremity of hypobranchial 3.     

A fusion protein required for vesicle-mediated transport in both mammalian cells and yeast

A protein sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide catalyses the fusion of transport vesicles with Golgi cisternae in a mammalian cell-free system. By cloning and sequencing its gene from Chinese hamster ovary cells and by use of in vitro assays, we show that this fusion protein is equivalent to the SEC18 gene product of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known to be essential for vesicle-mediated transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The mechanism of vesicular fusion is thus highly conserved, both between species and at different stages of transport.     

The nuclear envelope: emerging roles in development and disease

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope includes two riveted membranes, plus embedded pore complexes that mediate nuclear import and export. In this sense, the nuclear envelope is truly a border zone. However, the envelope also links directly to chromosomes, and anchors two major infrastructures--the nuclear lamina and Tpr filaments--to the nuclear perimeter. Proteins of the nuclear envelope mediate a variety of fundamental activities, including DNA replication, gene expression and silencing, chromatin organization, cell division, apoptosis, sperm nuclear remodeling, the behavior of pronuclei, cell fate determination, nuclear migration and cell polarity. Furthermore, mutations in nuclear lamins and lamin-binding proteins cause tissue-specific inherited diseases. This special issue of Cell and Molecular Life Sciences is devoted to recent major advances in the characterization of nuclear envelope proteins and their roles. We offer here an overview of the topics covered in this issue of CMLS, and also discuss the emerging recognition that the nuclear envelope is an organelle critical for a wide range of genetic and developmental activity in multicellular organisms.