全文获取类型
收费全文 | 15134篇 |
免费 | 28篇 |
国内免费 | 47篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 63篇 |
丛书文集 | 181篇 |
教育与普及 | 32篇 |
理论与方法论 | 73篇 |
现状及发展 | 6180篇 |
研究方法 | 786篇 |
综合类 | 7609篇 |
自然研究 | 285篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 105篇 |
2012年 | 264篇 |
2011年 | 543篇 |
2010年 | 105篇 |
2008年 | 321篇 |
2007年 | 304篇 |
2006年 | 321篇 |
2005年 | 329篇 |
2004年 | 319篇 |
2003年 | 280篇 |
2002年 | 260篇 |
2001年 | 458篇 |
2000年 | 442篇 |
1999年 | 311篇 |
1992年 | 267篇 |
1991年 | 197篇 |
1990年 | 224篇 |
1989年 | 219篇 |
1988年 | 223篇 |
1987年 | 218篇 |
1986年 | 205篇 |
1985年 | 293篇 |
1984年 | 229篇 |
1983年 | 158篇 |
1982年 | 167篇 |
1981年 | 152篇 |
1980年 | 181篇 |
1979年 | 418篇 |
1978年 | 309篇 |
1977年 | 307篇 |
1976年 | 289篇 |
1975年 | 323篇 |
1974年 | 385篇 |
1973年 | 363篇 |
1972年 | 379篇 |
1971年 | 434篇 |
1970年 | 550篇 |
1969年 | 462篇 |
1968年 | 469篇 |
1967年 | 431篇 |
1966年 | 383篇 |
1965年 | 285篇 |
1964年 | 87篇 |
1959年 | 169篇 |
1958年 | 297篇 |
1957年 | 199篇 |
1956年 | 185篇 |
1955年 | 150篇 |
1954年 | 185篇 |
1948年 | 138篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
In the developing brain, postmitotic neurons exhibit dynamic changes in mode, direction, tempo and rate of migration as they traverse different cortical layers. Such changes in cell migration require orchestrated activities of multiple guidance cues and transmembrane signals. In this article, we first describe when, where and how cerebellar granule cells alter their migratory behavior during the entire course of their migration. We then present how internal (inherent) programs regulate the sequential changes in the migratory behavior of granule cells in vitro. Finally, we discuss the roles of external guidance cues and transmembrane signals in controlling granule cell migration. 相似文献
952.
Kubli E 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2003,60(8):1689-1704
Mating affects the reproductive behaviour of insect females: the egg-laying rate increases and courting males are rejected. These post-mating responses are induced mainly by seminal fluid. In Drosophila melanogaster, males transfer two peptides (sex-peptides, = Sps) that reduce receptivity and elicit increased egg laying in their mating partners. Similarities in the open reading frames of the genes suggest that they have arisen by gene duplication. In females, Sps bind to specific sites in the central and peripheral nervous system, and to the genital tract. The binding proteins of the nervous system and genital tract are membrane proteins, but they differ molecularly. The former protein is proposed to be a receptor located at the top of a signalling cascade leading to the two post-mating responses, whereas the latter is a carrier protein moving Sps from the genital tract into the haemolymph. Sps bind to sperm. Together with sperm they are responsible for the persistence of the two post-mating responses. But Sps are the molecular basis of the sperm effect; sperm is merely the carrier.Received 10 February 2003; received after revision 25 April 2003; accepted 1 May 2003This article is dedicated to the 85th birthday of the discover of the sex-peptide, Prof. Dr. Pei Shen Chen, Zoological Institute, University of Zürich, Switzerland. P. S. Chen has served on the Editorial Board of Experientia (now CMLS) from 1974 to 1988. 相似文献
953.
Increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase content of the gastroduodenal tract of diabetic rats 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adeghate E al-Ramadi B Saleh AM Vijayarasathy C Ponery AS Arafat K Howarth FC El-Sharkawy T 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2003,60(6):1172-1179
This study examined the changes occurring in the pattern of distribution and expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive nerves in the gastroduodenal tract of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum of normal rats contain nNOS. We also observed nNOS-positive neurons and fibres in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum of normal rats. After the onset of diabetes, the number and intensity of staining of nNOS-positive nerve profiles in the gastric antrum and duodenum did not change significantly. However, Western blotting showed a significant increase in the expression of nNOS after the onset of diabetes. In conclusion, diabetes of 4 and 32 weeks duration induced an increase in the tissue content of nNOS in the gastroduodenum of rat. The increase in the level of nNOS in the gastroduodenum of diabetic rats may explain why impaired gastric emptying is common in patients with diabetes. 相似文献
954.
Polyamine-dependent gene expression 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
The polyamines spermidine and spermine along with the diamine putrescine are involved in
many cellular processes, including chromatin condensation, maintenance of DNA structure, RNA
processing, translation and protein activation. The polyamines influence the
formation of compacted chromatin and have a well-established role in DNA aggregation. Polyamines
are used in the posttranslational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, which regulates
the transport and processing of specific RNA. The polyamines also participate in a
novel RNA-decoding mechanism, a translational frameshift, of at least two known genes, the TY1
transposon and mammalian antizyme. Polyamines are crucial for their own regulation and are involved
in feedback mechanisms affecting both polyamine synthesis and catabolism. Recently, it has become
apparent that the polyamines are able to influence the action of the protein kinase
casein kinase 2. Here we address several roles of polyamines in gene expression.Received 27 November 2002; received after revision 9 January 2003; accepted 31 January 2003 相似文献
955.
Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
The pattern of blood flow in the developing heart has long been proposed to play a significant role in cardiac morphogenesis. In response to flow-induced forces, cultured cardiac endothelial cells rearrange their cytoskeletal structure and change their gene expression profiles. To link such in vitro data to the intact heart, we performed quantitative in vivo analyses of intracardiac flow forces in zebrafish embryos. Using in vivo imaging, here we show the presence of high-shear, vortical flow at two key stages in the developing heart, and predict flow-induced forces much greater than might have been expected for micro-scale structures at low Reynolds numbers. To test the relevance of these shear forces in vivo, flow was occluded at either the cardiac inflow or outflow tracts, resulting in hearts with an abnormal third chamber, diminished looping and impaired valve formation. The similarity of these defects to those observed in some congenital heart diseases argues for the importance of intracardiac haemodynamics as a key epigenetic factor in embryonic cardiogenesis. 相似文献
956.
957.
958.
Ectopic beta-chain of ATP synthase is an apolipoprotein A-I receptor in hepatic HDL endocytosis 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Martinez LO Jacquet S Esteve JP Rolland C Cabezón E Champagne E Pineau T Georgeaud V Walker JE Tercé F Collet X Perret B Barbaras R 《Nature》2003,421(6918):75-79
The effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in protecting against atherosclerosis is usually attributed to its role in 'reverse cholesterol transport'. In this process, HDL particles mediate the efflux and the transport of cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for further metabolism and bile excretion. Thus, cell-surface receptors for HDL on hepatocytes are chief partners in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. A high-affinity HDL receptor for apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) was previously identified on the surface of hepatocytes. Here we show that this receptor is identical to the beta-chain of ATP synthase, a principal protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Different experimental approaches confirm this ectopic localization of components of the ATP synthase complex and the presence of ATP hydrolase activity at the hepatocyte cell surface. Receptor stimulation by apoA-I triggers the endocytosis of holo-HDL particles (protein plus lipid) by a mechanism that depends strictly on the generation of ADP. We confirm this effect on endocytosis in perfused rat liver ex vivo by using a specific inhibitor of ATP synthase. Thus, membrane-bound ATP synthase has a previously unsuspected role in modulating the concentrations of extracellular ADP and is regulated by a principal plasma apolipoprotein. 相似文献
959.
The atmosphere of Jupiter's satellite Io is extremely tenuous, time variable and spatially heterogeneous. Only a few molecules--SO2, SO and S2--have previously been identified as constituents of this atmosphere, and possible sources include frost sublimation, surface sputtering and active volcanism. Io has been known for almost 30 years to be surrounded by a cloud of Na, which requires an as yet unidentified atmospheric source of sodium. Sodium chloride has been recently proposed as an important atmospheric constituent, based on the detection of chlorine in Io's plasma torus and models of Io's volcanic gases. Here we report the detection of NaCl in Io's atmosphere; it constitutes only approximately 0.3% when averaged over the entire disk, but is probably restricted to smaller regions than SO2 because of its rapid photolysis and surface condensation. Although the inferred abundance of NaCl in volcanic gases is lower than predicted, those volcanic emissions provide an important source of Na and Cl in Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus. 相似文献
960.
Ru2 and Ru encode mouse orthologs of the genes mutated in human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome types 5 and 6 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Zhang Q Zhao B Li W Oiso N Novak EK Rusiniak ME Gautam R Chintala S O'Brien EP Zhang Y Roe BA Elliott RW Eicher EM Liang P Kratz C Legius E Spritz RA O'Sullivan TN Copeland NG Jenkins NA Swank RT 《Nature genetics》2003,33(2):145-153
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease involving abnormalities of melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Here we have used positional candidate and transgenic rescue approaches to identify the genes mutated in ruby-eye 2 and ruby-eye mice (ru2 and ru, respectively), two 'mimic' mouse models of HPS. We also show that these genes are orthologs of the genes mutated in individuals with HPS types 5 and 6, respectively, and that their protein products directly interact. Both genes are previously unknown and are found only in higher eukaryotes, and together represent a new class of genes that have evolved in higher organisms to govern the synthesis of highly specialized lysosome-related organelles. 相似文献