The Construction of ‘Reality’ in the Robot: Constructivist Perspectives on Situated Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Robotics

This paper discusses different approaches incognitive science and artificial intelligenceresearch from the perspective of radicalconstructivism, addressing especially theirrelation to the biologically based theories ofvon Uexküll, Piaget as well as Maturana andVarela. In particular recent work in ‘New AI’ and adaptive robotics on situated and embodiedintelligence is examined, and we discuss indetail the role of constructive processes asthe basis of situatedness in both robots andliving organisms.     

The effects of vitamin A nutritional status on glutathione levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation in rat lung

Summary In vitamin A-deficient rats, the glutathione level in lung was diminished and microsomal lipid peroxidation much increased. In vitamin A-loaded animals, however, both were depressed below control. Thus vitamin A protection against lipid peroxidation is independent of glutathione.Acknowledgments. We thank Dr L. Y. Y. Fong and Mr David Y. H. Woo for preparing the animals used in this research, for retinol determinations and for valuable discussions, and also the China Medical Board of New York and the University of Hong Kong for the award of a Fellowship to V.P.     

等离子体刻蚀中边缘离子轨迹的控制与优化

由于常规等离子体刻蚀系统在晶圆边缘处的阻抗与晶圆中心处的阻抗不一致, 使离子在晶圆边缘处的运动轨迹发生偏移, 很难满足越来越高的刻蚀工艺均匀性及深宽比的要求。本文提出一种通过调整晶圆边缘阻抗进行边缘离子运动方向优化的方法, 可以连续实时地调整边缘离子的运动轨迹, 实现对边缘离子运动方向的控制。研究结果表明, 离子的运动方向可以被优化为垂直于晶圆表面, 从而能获得良好的刻蚀速率均匀性及垂直的刻蚀形貌。     

Histologische Veränderungen der Magenschleimhaut des Hundes bei wiederholter Tetrachlormethanzufuhr

Summary Long-term administration of tetrachloromethane led to cirrhosis of the liver in dogs. Neither a repeated administration of the hepatotoxic substance nor cirrhotic changes of the liver led to changes of the gastric mucosa. The histological picture of the gastric mucosa was the same in dogs with liver cirrhosis as in healthy animals.     

A filament of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies

It is a firm prediction of the concordance cold-dark-matter cosmological model that galaxy clusters occur at the intersection of large-scale structure filaments. The thread-like structure of this 'cosmic web' has been traced by galaxy redshift surveys for decades. More recently, the warm–hot intergalactic medium (a sparse plasma with temperatures of 10(5) kelvin to 10(7) kelvin) residing in low-redshift filaments has been observed in emission and absorption. However, a reliable direct detection of the underlying dark-matter skeleton, which should contain more than half of all matter, has remained elusive, because earlier candidates for such detections were either falsified or suffered from low signal-to-noise ratios and unphysical misalignments of dark and luminous matter. Here we report the detection of a dark-matter filament connecting the two main components of the Abell 222/223 supercluster system from its weak gravitational lensing signal, both in a non-parametric mass reconstruction and in parametric model fits. This filament is coincident with an overdensity of galaxies and diffuse, soft-X-ray emission, and contributes a mass comparable to that of an additional galaxy cluster to the total mass of the supercluster. By combining this result with X-ray observations, we can place an upper limit of 0.09 on the hot gas fraction (the mass of X-ray-emitting gas divided by the total mass) in the filament.