Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution

The origin of the ratites, large flightless birds from the Southern Hemisphere, along with their flighted sister taxa, the South American tinamous, is central to understanding the role of plate tectonics in the distributions of modern birds and mammals. Defining the dates of ratite divergences is also critical for determining the age of modern avian orders. To resolve the ratite phylogeny and provide biogeographical data to examine these issues, we have here determined the first complete mitochondrial genome sequences of any extinct taxa--two New Zealand moa genera--along with a 1,000-base-pair sequence from an extinct Madagascan elephant-bird. For comparative data, we also generated 12 kilobases of contiguous sequence from the kiwi, cassowary, emu and two tinamou genera. This large dataset allows statistically precise estimates of molecular divergence dates and these support a Late Cretaceous vicariant speciation of ratite taxa, followed by the subsequent dispersal of the kiwi to New Zealand. This first molecular view of the break-up of Gondwana provides a new temporal framework for speciation events within other Gondwanan biota and can be used to evaluate competing biogeographical hypotheses.     

富锗面包的研制

富锗面包是以面包专用粉为主要原料,以白砂糖、奶油、奶粉、鸡蛋、面包改良剂为辅料,加入富锗酵母,采取快速发酵法,经过调粉、发酵、烘烤精制而成。通过正交实验确定产品的最佳配方,利用ICP-AES方法测定富锗面包中有机锗的含量。     

Phagocyte-derived catecholamines enhance acute inflammatory injury

It is becoming increasingly clear that the autonomic nervous system and the immune system demonstrate cross-talk during inflammation by means of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. We investigated whether phagocytes are capable of de novo production of catecholamines, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine self-regulatory mechanism by catecholamines during inflammation, as has been described for lymphocytes. Here we show that exposure of phagocytes to lipopolysaccharide led to a release of catecholamines and an induction of catecholamine-generating and degrading enzymes, indicating the presence of the complete intracellular machinery for the generation, release and inactivation of catecholamines. To assess the importance of these findings in vivo, we chose two models of acute lung injury. Blockade of alpha2-adrenoreceptors or catecholamine-generating enzymes greatly suppressed lung inflammation, whereas the opposite was the case either for an alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist or for inhibition of catecholamine-degrading enzymes. We were able to exclude T cells or sympathetic nerve endings as sources of the injury-modulating catecholamines. Our studies identify phagocytes as a new source of catecholamines, which enhance the inflammatory response.     

固体激光器的快速电光Q开关驱动电路的实验研究

比较了三种不同的电光调Q驱动电路。电子管式调Q电路工作稳定,退压沿70ns左右,但空间体积大,激光脉冲能量较低;雪崩管串联武调Q电路退压时间大约为20ns,输出激光脉冲能量高,脉宽窄;MOSFET管串联调Q电路,简单可靠,单管耐压高,退压时间为50ns。     

引入随机子群蚁群算法的JSP仿真与研究

针对标准蚁群算法易于出现早熟停滞等缺陷,在原有算法基础上引入一定比例的随机蚁群.在优化过程中随机蚁群以一定概率做随机搜索,以扩大了解的搜索空间;在信息素更新策略上,为了兼顾当代和历代的搜索成果,采取了信息素混合更新策略,同时增强随机子群的最佳路径信息及剩余全部蚁群路径信息,有效抑制了收敛过程中的早熟停滞现象,提高了算法收敛速度.通过典型作业车间调度问题(JSP)实例进行了仿真实验,表明该算法不仅能够克服早熟现象,而且能够加快收敛速度.