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41.
In the mammalian cortex, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the principal transmitters mediating excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events. Glutamate activates cation conductances that lead to membrane depolarization whereas GABA controls chloride conductances that produce hyperpolarization. Here we report that the GABAA-activated conductance in hippocampal pyramidal cells is enhanced by glutamate at concentrations below that required for its excitatory action. The GABA-potentiating effect can be induced, with comparable potency, by several glutamate analogues such as quisqualate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate and, surprisingly, by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), an antagonist for NMDA receptors. Data from dose-response curves show that glutamate enhances the GABAA conductance without significantly changing GABA binding affinity. The low concentration of glutamate needed to enhance GABAA responses raises the possibility that glutamate modulates the strength of GABA-mediated transmission in the cortex. 相似文献
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Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
A J Walley S Chavanas M F Moffatt R M Esnouf B Ubhi R Lawrence K Wong G R Abecasis E Y Jones J I Harper A Hovnanian W O Cookson 《Nature genetics》2001,29(2):175-178
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma are characterized by IgE-mediated atopic (allergic) responses to common proteins (allergens), many of which are proteinases. Loci influencing atopy have been localized to a number of chromosomal regions, including the chromosome 5q31 cytokine cluster. Netherton disease is a rare recessive skin disorder in which atopy is a universal accompaniment. The gene underlying Netherton disease (SPINK5) encodes a 15-domain serine proteinase inhibitor (LEKTI) which is expressed in epithelial and mucosal surfaces and in the thymus. We have identified six coding polymorphisms in SPINK5 (Table 1) and found that a Glu420-->Lys variant shows significant association with atopy and AD in two independent panels of families. Our results implicate a previously unrecognized pathway for the development of common allergic illnesses. 相似文献
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河南浮戏山植物区系地理及其近缘关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
浮戏山有种子植物96科313属552种,区系成分以北温带、泛热带和旧世界温带三种成分为主,其次是东亚和东亚北美间断成分,植物区系具有明显的温带性质。以植物地理成分为指标,将浮戏山和全国其它19个地区进行系统聚类分析,结果表明,浮戏山植物区系成分和与其同处于中纬度地区的河南境内的桐柏山、大别山、小秦岭、老君山及山西中条山山东泰山最为相似,而与高纬度地区的长白山。低纬度地区的广西大瑶山和海南五指山最为 相似文献
45.
用光镜和电镜观察了福建水牛的肉孢子虫形态,证明有两型的孢囊。大型包囊的原级囊壁有菜花状突起,顶端呈树枝状分支,内有环纹小纤丝、微管和电子致密颗粒,经鉴定是梭状肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)。小型包囊有两种,其中一种的囊壁外侧有倾斜的放射状突起条纹,其原级囊壁具有斜状突起的绒毛,鉴定为李氏肉孢子虫(S.Levinei),另一小型包囊的囊壁光滑,无放射状条纹,囊内隔板不明显,所含的慢殖子较少,与李氏肉孢子虫有明显差异,故暂不定种名。 相似文献
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Tumour necrosis factors alpha and beta inhibit virus replication and synergize with interferons 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin were initially described as tumoricidal proteins that are produced by activated macrophages and lymphocytes, respectively. Since TNF and lymphotoxin are structurally related, bind to the same cell surface receptor and have indistinguishable biological activities, they have been designated as TNF-alpha and TNF-beta, respectively. The multiple activities of these molecules indicate their importance in immunoregulative responses. Here we report that both TNF-alpha and TNF-beta have antiviral activity and synergize with interferons (IFNs) in the induction of resistance to both RNA and DNA virus infection in diverse cell types. These effects of TNFs are not due to the induction of IFN synthesis. Virus-infected cells are selectively killed by TNFs and this activity is accelerated by IFN-gamma. The production of TNFs is induced by viruses, further suggesting the importance of TNFs in the physiological antiviral response. 相似文献
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Synaptic plasticity may result from changes at existing synapses or from alterations in the number of functional synaptic connections. In the hippocampus excitatory synaptic strength is persistently enhanced after tetanic stimulation. Here we report that latent synaptic pathways may also become functional. Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from pairs of CA3 pyramidal cells in slices from guinea pig hippocampus. After stimulating afferent fibres repetitively, polysynaptic excitatory pathways between previously unconnected cells became apparent. The efficacy of recurrent inhibitory circuits was also reduced. The loss of inhibitory control is of interest because latent excitatory pathways are revealed after pharmacological suppression of inhibition. This plasticity in local synaptic circuits leads to the emergence of synchronous firing in groups of CA3 cells. The formation of groups of associated cells and the ability of some cells to initiate synchronous firing in a larger cell group through recurrent pathways is reminiscent of several models of information storage and recall in the cortex. 相似文献